ByLawyers News and Updates

First home – WA

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First home owner and off-the-plan duty changes

Changes have been introduced to the value caps for vacant land and established homes in WA that qualify for the first home owner concessional rate of duty, along with measures to extend and expand the off-the-plan duty concession.

The changes apply to transactions entered into from 21 March 2025.

RevenueWA expects to configure its systems to apply the new rates in early May 2025. Any eligible transactions entered into on or after 21 March 2025 that settle before the changes are implemented can be reassessed for a refund of duty after settlement.

Transfer duty – First home

First home owners buying an established or new home, or buying vacant land and then entering onto a contract to build a home on it and receiving a first home owners grant, can apply to be assessed at the first home owner rate of duty.

When the unencumbered value of a first home in Perth and Peel is:

  • up to $500,000 – no duty is payable;
  • between $500,001 and $700,000 – $13.63 per $100, or part thereof, above $500,000 is payable;
  • over $700,000 – full duty is payable, and no reduced rate applies.

When the unencumbered value of a first home in regions outside Perth and Peel is:

  • up to $500,000 – no duty is payable;
  • between $500,001 and $750,000 – $11.90 per $100, or part thereof, above $500,000 is payable;
  • over $750,000 – full duty is payable, and no reduced rate applies.

When the unencumbered value of vacant land purchased by an eligible first home buyer anywhere in WA, is:

  • up to $350,000 – no duty is payable;
  • between $350,001 and $450,000 – $15.39 per $100, or part thereof, above $350,000 is payable;
  • over $450,000 – full duty is payable, and no reduced rate applies.

Off the plan duty concession

For new off-the-plan homes within strata developments:

  • the expiry date of the existing duty concession is extended from 30 June 2025 until 30 June 2026;
  • no duty is payable for dwellings purchased before construction has commenced up to $750,000, with a 50% duty concession for properties valued above $850,000; and
  • a 75% duty concession is available for dwellings purchased while under construction up to $750,000, with a 37.5% duty concession for properties valued above $850,000.

This applies to all dwellings within strata and community title schemes, including townhouses and villas, not just multi-tiered developments.

Publication updates

The By Lawyers Purchase of Real Property (WA) guide has been updated, including the commentary and the Retainer Instructions – Purchase of Real Property.

 

Transfer duty concession – VIC

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A new and temporary off the plan land transfer duty concession is available in Victoria.

The concession applies to the purchase of strata dwellings off the plan.

Contracts for apartments and townhouses purchased off the plan that are entered into from 21 October 2024 attract the concession, which is available for 12 months.

The new transfer duty concession will significantly reduce duty payable by eligible purchasers. For example, the duty payable on a $620,000 apartment will be reduced from $32,000 to $4,000.

Eligible purchasers will be able to deduct the construction costs incurred on or after the contract date from the dutiable value of the property. Land transfer duty will then be calculated on this reduced amount. Other concessions may also apply based on this reduced amount.

Eligibility

The concession is available to all purchasers, whether owner occupiers or investors, individuals, companies, and trusts. The purchaser is not required to also be eligible for either the principal place of residence duty concession, or the first home buyer duty exemption or concession.

Eligibility for the new transfer duty concession is assessed at the date the contract of sale is entered into, irrespective of whether settlement occurs before or after the end of the 12-month window during which the concession applies.

Contracts signed before the concession’s commencement date but settled during the 12-month window are not eligible.

How to apply

Applications are made through Duties Online by completing the Digital Duties Form.

For further information, including some useful examples of how the concession is calculated, see the Temporary off-the-plan duty concession page published by the State Revenue Office Victoria.

By Lawyers – Always up to date

The By Lawyers Purchase of Real Property (VIC) guide, including the Full Commentary and the Retainer Instructions precedent, has been updated.

Sunset clause – QLD

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Amendments to the Land Sales Act 1984 affecting sunset clauses in off the plan contracts commenced on 22 November 2023. The new provisions provide that there is no automatic termination under a sunset clause.

The changes under Part 4 of the Body Corporate and Community Management and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2023 are intended to prevent developers using delaying tactics to enable them to terminate a contract under a sunset clause and sell the property for a higher price.

A new Division 4A of the Land Sales Act 1984 applies to all off the plan contracts that include a sunset clause entered into on or after 22 November 2023, and retrospectively to existing unsettled contracts.

When a seller can terminate under a sunset clause

Section 19D now provides that a seller can only terminate a contract for a relevant event not occurring by the sunset date if:

  • the seller has provided all buyers with a sunset clause notice and has their written consent to the proposed termination; or
  • the seller obtains an order permitting the termination from the Supreme Court; or
  • a regulation otherwise permits the seller to terminate the contract.

A relevant event is:

    • registration of the plan of subdivision for the proposed lot;
    • creation of a separate indefeasible title for the proposed lot;
    • settlement of the contract;
    • another event prescribed by regulation as a relevant event.

The sunset date means:

    • for a relevant event other than settlement, the day it must happen under the contract, including an extension provided for in the contract; or
    • the settlement day, including an extension provided for in the contract.

Section 19C provides that a sunset clause cannot automatically terminate an off the plan contract. If a sunset clause purports to automatically terminate the contract, it is taken to mean the contract can be terminated under the new provisions, on or after the sunset date.

Notice of termination under a sunset clause

A seller proposing to terminate a contract under s 19D must serve notice in writing on each buyer at least 28 days before the sunset date containing certain information including their reasons.

The buyer must consider the information in the notice and act reasonably in the circumstances. They must respond to the notice by the day before the sunset date. Failure to respond does not represent consent to the termination.

Supreme Court order for termination under a sunset clause

The Supreme Court can make an order permitting the seller to terminate the contract under a sunset clause if the seller satisfies the court it is just and equitable in the circumstances. Section 19F(3) sets out the factors the court can consider in making this determination.

The seller will also be liable to pay the buyer’s costs of the proceedings unless the seller satisfies the court that the buyer unreasonably withheld consent to the termination.

Publication updates

The By Lawyers Sale and Purchase of Real Property guides have been updated accordingly. Precedents for a termination notice and consent to termination precedent have been added to the respective matter plans, with letters enclosing them.

Revenue – NSW

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Recent duty and other revenue amendments impacting conveyancing, trusts, and family law have been incorporated as applicable into the relevant By Lawyers publications.

Legislation

The State Revenue and Fines Legislation Amendment (Miscellaneous) Act 2022 (NSW) amended various revenue Acts with effect from 19 May 2022, including:

These revenue amendments touch on various areas of practice.

Conveyancing

Options

Ad valorem stamp duty is payable on option fees under put and call option deeds. New section 8 (1)(b)(ix) of the Duties Act 1997 provides that duty is payable by the grantee within three months of an option being granted. This changes the previous position where duty was only payable on an option fee if the option was exercised.

Duty is assessed on the option fee, not including security deposits, performance payments, and legal costs.

The grantee is not entitled to claim a refund for any stamp duty paid, regardless of whether the call option is exercised. Also duty paid on the option fee is not credited toward the duty payable on the property when the option is exercised and the contract completed.

The changes do not apply to option agreements entered into before 19 May 2022.

Off the plan

A new section 49A (1D) of the Duties Act 1997 provides that to qualify for a 12-month deferral of stamp duty on off-the-plan purchases, a residence requirement must be met. At least one of the purchasers must use and occupy the property as their principal place of residence for at least 6 months, within 12 months of completion. Australian Defence Force personnel are exempted from the residency requirement. A new version of the Revenue NSW purchaser declaration form is available. Part 6 of the form relates to off-the-plan purchases and provides for the nomination of ADF personnel.

Surcharge duty

A new s 104ZJA(1) (c) of the Duties Act 1997 provides that an Australian-based developer which pays surcharge purchaser duty on a transfer of residential land may have it refunded they later change the use of the land to wholly or predominantly commercial or industrial.

The application for a refund must be lodged online using the application type Australian Based Developer Application for Exemption & Reassessment.

First home owners

Section 13A (3) of the First Home Owner Grant (New Homes) Act 2000 has been amended to include a new definition of the eligibility cap, including how to calculate the total value of the transaction based on the type of transaction and when it occurs.

Land tax

New sections 5B(2A) and 5B(2B) of the Land Tax Act 1956 provide for a discretionary exemption allowing those who do not occupy their principal place of residence for 200 days continuously in a year to remain exempt from land tax. This allows owners to, for example, live and work overseas for a period without losing the exemption.

The By Lawyers Sale of real property (NSW), Purchase of real property (NSW) and 1001 Conveyancing Answers (NSW) publications have been updated accordingly.

Trusts

The amending Act broadens the scope of dutiable transactions under s 8(1)(b)(ix) of the Duties Act 1997 by introducing duty on transactions that result in a change in beneficial ownership and acknowledgement of trust. 

Under s 8(3), the definition of change in beneficial ownership has been extended to include the creation and extinguishment of dutiable property, a change in equitable interests in dutiable property, and dutiable property becoming and ceasing to be subject to a trust.

This amendment directly arises from the case of Benidorm Pty Ltd v Chief Commissioner of Revenue [2020] NSWSC 471 where the Supreme Court held that the definition of declaration of trust in s 8(3) of the Duties Act 1997  as it then was must have a legal consequence, or consequences, beyond merely acknowledging that which already exists. The taxpayer in that case held real property and shares on trust for a beneficiary. When the beneficiary died his sole beneficiary and executor made a declaration of trust substantially the same as the original trust. On appeal the taxpayer was successful and was able to avoid paying duty on the second declaration, which acknowledged and evidenced a trust that was already in place. Such an acknowledgment of trust will now be caught by the Act.

The By Lawyers Trusts publication has been updated accordingly.

Family Law

A new s 68 (1A)(b)(iia) of the Duties Act 1997 means that for de facto relationships transfers of property effected by an agreement made to divide relationship property due to the breakdown of a relationship will be exempt from duty. Previously, to be exempt from duty the transfer had to be effected by a binding financial agreement, court order, or purchase at a public auction. This brings the exemption for de facto couples into line with that for married couples. These exemptions are discretionary and depend on sufficient evidence being supplied in support of the application.

A new version of the form Revenue NSW ODA 069 – Application for Exemption or Refund – Break up of marriage or De facto Relationship is available and needs to be completed.

The By Lawyers 101 Family Law Answers publication has been updated accordingly.

Purchasing off the plan – All states

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To assist practitioners advising clients who are purchasing off the plan, new precedents have been added to the By Lawyers Purchase of Real Property guides in all states.

The two new precedents for practitioners advising potential purchasers are:

  • Initial letter to proposed off the plan purchaser; and
  • Enclosure – Considerations when purchasing off the plan.

The Enclosure is designed to be provided to clients who are considering buying off the plan. It provides plain language information about:

  • What ‘off the plan’ means.
  • The risks of purchasing off the plan.
  • The advantages of purchasing off the plan.

All the pertinent considerations for a client looking at entering into a contract to buy a property off the plan are covered. Importantly, the potential risks are clearly explained, including:

  • Being locked in until the sunset date.
  • Potential for loss if the market deteriorates between the day of sale and the settlement date.
  • Special conditions that operate in the developer’s favour.
  • Possible dissatisfaction with finished product.
  • Changes to the building.
  • Additional legal costs being involved.

Both new precedents can be found in folder A. Getting the matter underway, on each Purchase of Real Property matter plan.

These helpful new precedents were created in response to a request from a By Lawyers subscriber.

Off the plan contracts – NSW

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Significant changes to off the plan contracts commenced 1 December 2019.

The changes arise from the Conveyancing Legislation Amendment Act 2018 (NSW) and the Conveyancing (Sale of Land) Amendment Regulation 2019 (NSW). They place further disclosure obligations on vendors. They also create new remedies and stronger protections for purchasers when entering into residential off the plan contracts.

Changes to off the plan contracts – summary:

  • Certain prescribed documents must be attached to residential off the plan contracts. These include a prescribed Disclosure Statement, a draft plan prepared by a registered surveyor and other draft documents, as set out in clause 4A of the Conveyancing (Sale of Land) Regulation 2017.
  • A purchaser can rescind the contract within 14 days if the Disclosure Statement, draft plan or relevant prescribed documents are not attached to off the plan contracts exchanged on or after 1 December 2019.
  • There is an ongoing obligation on the vendor to notify purchasers of changes to material particulars using the prescribed Notice of Changes form. Purchasers may be able to rescind or claim compensation if there is a change to a material particular.
  • The cooling-off period for residential off the plan contracts is extended to 10 business days.
  • The final registered plan must be provided to the purchaser at least 21 days before settlement.
  • Deposits must be retained by the stakeholder in a trust or controlled monies account.

An off the plan contract is defined in the amending act to mean a contract for the sale of a residential lot that does not exist at the time the contract is entered into.

The following are not caught by the amendments:

  • The sale of a commercial property off the plan.
  • The sale of a residential lot off the plan if it is sold at the point when the title is registered but an occupation certificate has not been issued.
  • Contracts arising out of the exercise of an option that was entered into before 1 December 2019.

Updates to By Lawyers publications

  • The By Lawyers Conveyancing Publication, including Sale and Purchase Guides and 1001 Conveyancing Answers, all contain dedicated commentary regarding off the plan contracts. These commentaries now cover the new requirements in detail.
  • The By Lawyers Contract for Sale of Land has been amended as follows:
    • Statutory cooling off notice – 10 business days;
    • Statutory attachments table includes Disclosure Statement;
    • Price and deposit clause addresses the requirement for deposit and instalment payments to be held as trust or controlled money;
    • New clause 16(d) ‘Residential off the plan contracts’; and
    • Off the plan settlement changed to 21 days after notice of registration of plan.
  • All precedents making reference to cooling off periods have been updated to accord with the new period.
  • Disclosure Statement and Notice of Changes forms are available on the Sale matter plan.
  • New notices for rescission and compensation claims have been added to the ‘Claims, disputes and notices’ folder. Precedent letters serving these notices on the relevant parties have also been added.

By Lawyers are proud to assist subscribers to understand and comply with these amendments. Like all By Lawyers publications, our Conveyancing Guides provide all the necessary commentary and precedents in one place. Enjoy practice more!

 

 

Conveyancing Victoria – Seven reasons to use the By Lawyers Contract of Sale of Land

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The By Lawyers Contract of Sale of Land for Victoria is gaining more fans among Victorian lawyers and conveyancers all the time, as it simplifies the conveyancing process.

For those still wondering what all the fuss is about, you can read below Seven reasons to use the By Lawyers contract – or you can listen to this lively and informative podcast:

 

Seven reason to use the By Lawyers Contract of Sale of Land:

  1. The contract and the vendor’s statement are combined into ONE document, with the vendor’s statement, logically, coming FIRST. The vendor’s statement is formatted to deal with the obligatory disclosures first, then to group the optional fields in a way that makes removal of those fields simple if they are not required. Part 2 general conditions in PDF form removes the need for ‘standard’ special conditions. Any genuinely special conditions can be added.
  2. Clear new approach – all pertinent details are set out in Part 1 to enable anyone to quickly understand the deal by referring to this Part.
  3. Particulars of sale include a “sunset date” for off the plan approvals. No more searching through mountains of special conditions to work out this crucial date.
  4. Non-derogation warranty. The general conditions can be amended by any special conditions BUT not so as to reduce the rights created by the general conditions. No more contracts that say one thing on page 1 and reverse that on page 15! This contract is fair to both parties.
  5. General Condition 12 – deposit release – establishes a clear protocol for early release, by requiring timely objection to title. Title objections actually have very limited relevance to the Torrens system, as title is part of the disclosure in the contract. General Condition 12 allows 28 days to object to title. This offers protection to purchasers, while allowing the vendor to have use of the deposit. Again, this process is fair to both parties.
  6. General Condition 14 – loan condition – extends the time for approval to 21 days and allows for extension, subject to vendor’s ability to end the extension by notice.
  7. General Condition 25 – losses – removes any disputes relating to default losses from the settlement process and allows the parties to resolve these issues after settlement. Unless there is a legitimate objection to title, the matter is settle and disputes relating to quality and inclusions etc, follow after settlement. This removes unnecessary settlement delays.

The By Lawyers Contract of sale of Land is available to LEAP users and By Lawyers subscribers via the Conveyancing & Property – Sale matter plans, or for purchase on the By Lawyers website.

VIC – State Revenue Office amendments

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From 1 July 2017:

  • exemption of transfer duty for transfers between spouses is only available for principal place of residence. Transfers following breakdown of relationship are unchanged and the exemption continues to apply to all properties.
  • off-the-plan duty concession is restricted to properties acquired by owner/occupiers who are eligible for the principal place of residence or first home buyer duty concessions.
  • First Home Buyers:
    • Who purchase a property to the value of $600,000 will pay no duty, with concessions available for properties between $600,000 and $750,000.
    • Who purchase in regional Victoria a new home to the value of $750,000 may apply for the First Home Owner Grant of $20,000. Criteria includes the property must be the applicant’s principal place of residence for a continuous period of 12 months, moving in within 12 months of completion.
    • From 27 June 2017 Australian Defence Force personnel enrolled to vote in Victoria on duty or on leave are exempt from the residence requirement for the First Home Owner Grant.

Land Tax

From 1 January 2018, vacant residential properties in the inner and middle ring of Melbourne will be subject to a vacant residential land tax of 1 per cent of the property’s capital improved value. A property will be considered vacant if it is unoccupied for six months or more in a calendar year. The six months does not need to be continuous. There are exemptions for many properties including for vacant land.

 

SA – Revenue SA changes from 22 June 2017

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Off the plan apartments.

A $10 000 grant will be provided to eligible off-the-plan apartment purchasers where the contract is entered into between 22 June 2017 and 30 September 2017.

Off-the-plan stamp duty concession.

From 22 June 2017 the off the plan stamp duty concession no longer applies to foreign purchasers. Generally the concession has been extended until 30 June 2018 .

Land tax exemption

A five year land tax exemption will apply to eligible apartments bought off-the-plan where the contract is entered into between 22 June 2017 and 30 June 2018.

Foreign purchasers – From 1 January 2018

A stamp duty surcharge of 4% will apply to foreign purchasers of South Australia residential property.

Off the Plan Sales – Best Endeavours – Part 2

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Summer2012_BuyingOffThePlan_landingThe April 2011 column considered the case of Joseph Street Pty Ltd v Tan, a decision at first instance reported at [2010] VSC 586. The case has now been reversed on appeal, reported at [2012] VSCA 113.

The effect of the Court of Appeal decision would appear to make the entering into of a s 173 Planning and Environment Act 1987 Agreement compulsory for developers in all circumstances where the municipal council is prepared to enter into such an Agreement.

The case involved a ‘villa unit’ style development of 6 single storey units in Box Hill.  Units were sold off the plan with settlement to be after registration of the plan in accordance with common practice.  The builder that the developer had contracted to undertake construction failed to do so and the developer was forced to find another builder.  As a result, construction was not completed within the time allowed by the contract for registration of the plan (the sunset period) and the developer rescinded the contract.

The purchaser refused to accept rescission and sued for specific performance of the contract on the basis that the vendor had failed to use ‘best endeavours’ to have the plan registered.  It had been established at first instance that this obligation consisted of both an express contractual obligation and also as an implied obligation.

The Full Court identified that registration of the plan could only be achieved when the council had issued a Certificate of Compliance, but that there were two methods by which the developer could obtain that Certificate and thus fulfill the contractual obligation to secure registration of the plan:

  1. the developer could complete all the building works to the satisfaction of all relevant service authorities; or
  2. the developer could enter into a s 173 Agreement with Council after entering into agreements with service providers.

Evidence given on behalf of the developer suggested that the s 173 Agreement option was limited to ‘greenfield’ developments and had not been contemplated by the developer as an option.  However evidence from the council suggested that s 173 Agreements were common in ‘smaller’ developments and indeed the planning permit issued in respect of the development had referred to the possibility of just such an Agreement.

The effect of the s 173 Agreement is to give the council the ability to register on the ‘parent’ title (the title to the unsubdivided land) the requirement that the development be constructed in accordance with the planning permit issued in respect of the development.  If council has the benefit of such an Agreement then, subject to the satisfaction of other relevant authorities, council is able to be satisfied that the development will be built in accordance with the permit and council’s planning responsibility in relation to supervision of construction is thereby satisfied.  If construction is not in accordance with the permit, council is entitled to enforce thes 173 Agreement against the developer and all subsequent registered owners.

The s 173 Agreement process appears to be a shortcut to registration of the plan, as a certificate of compliance may be issued by council well in advance of completion of all construction and infrastructure works.  The requirement that the developer enter into satisfactory agreements with infrastructure providers is a pre-condition to a s 173 Agreement and such arrangements may be tedious to negotiate, but once achieved registration of the plan can quickly follow.

This might cause concern for a purchaser if the only requirement on the vendor is registration of the plan.  As can be seen from the above, this could be achieved well before construction is complete, but no purchaser is going to want to pay for a half finished property.  Thus a purchaser needs to be satisfied that settlement will only be due after both registration of the plan and issue of a certificate of occupancy.  Whilst there is much to be said against a certificate of occupancy being a true reflection that all works have been completed, it is at least an objective confirmation that most works have been completed.  A better test is a satisfactory report from the purchaser’s building consultant, but few developers are prepared to countenance such a hurdle.

Whilst the Court of Appeal in Joseph Street may have identified a shortcut that was open to the developer, it is interesting to note that the developer was not aware of that possibility and there is no suggestion that the purchaser ever suggested to the developer that such a process was available, let alone that the developer refused to follow that course.  Apparently, the mere fact that the option was available and not taken was enough to satisfy the Court that the developer had failed to use his best endeavours.  A true case of ignorance is no excuse.

Whilst written for Victoria, this article has interest and relevance for practitioners in all states. 

See also: Off the Plan Sales – Best Endeavours – Part 1

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