ByLawyers News and Updates

Bail after conviction – NSW

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Bail after conviction must now be refused for offences where the accused will receive full time imprisonment, unless special or exceptional circumstances exist.

The Bail Amendment Act 2022 (NSW) commenced on 27 June. It adds a new s 22B to the Bail Act 2013.

The new section provides that on an application for bail after conviction of an accused person, before they are sentenced for an offence for which they will receive full-time custody, the court must refuse bail unless the accused can establish special or exceptional circumstances exist to justify the decision to grant or dispense with bail.

The same applies to a detention application brought by the prosecution in the Supreme Court under Section 40 of the Bail Act.

However, if the offence of which the accused person has been convicted is a show cause offence, the requirement for the accused person to establish special or exceptional circumstances to justify a decision to grant bail or dispense with bail applies instead of the requirement that the accused person show cause why their detention is not justified.

The Bail section of the By Lawyers Criminal – Local Court NSW commentary has been updated accordingly.

Domestic and family violence – QLD

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Some temporary procedural arrangements for initiating and hearing domestic and family violence applications in the Magistrates Court of Queensland have become permanent from 30 April 2022.

These arrangements were originally put in place as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the resulting efficiencies have seen the parliament entrench arrangements that allow parties and practitioners to interact with the court remotely.

Amendments under the Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021 impact various Acts and procedures. Those relating to domestic and family violence matters include:

Audio visual link

A new section 142A of the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 provides that the Magistrates Court may conduct all or part of the proceeding by the use of audio visual links, or audio links. This includes:

  • appearances;
  • giving evidence;
  • making submissions;
  • taking an oath or affirmation.

Electronic filing

A private application for a Temporary Protection Order (TPO), or an application to vary a TPO, can be filed electronically in any Queensland Magistrates Court if the court is closed on a normal business day, or if the applicant is required to isolate under a public health order.

Listing before verification

In circumstances of urgency, where a private applicant is unable to verify their application for a Temporary Protection Order before a Justice of the Peace or solicitor, they can obtain a hearing date, and then serve the application on the respondent, without verification. The application can be subsequently verified in front of the magistrate who hears the matter.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Domestic Violence guide has been updated accordingly. An alert has been added to draw practitioners’ attention to the likelihood that proceedings will involve audio visual appearances and evidence.

Disclosure certificates – VIC

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A requirement for prosecution Disclosure certificates has been introduced for criminal matters.

The new s 41A of the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 requires the informant, or any other officer who prepared a full brief, to complete a Disclosure certificate and file it with the registry within 7 days of the brief being served. This certificate must be provided to the DPP, if they are conducting the matter, and served on the defence.

Disclosure certificates are required to set out anything that is not included in the full brief because it is subject to a claim for privilege, public interest immunity or other statutory immunity or restriction, and the nature of any such claim.

Sections 41-48 of the Criminal Procedure Act set out the ongoing disclosure requirements on the prosecution. The informant, usually a police officer, also has a general and ongoing duty of disclosure to the Director of Public Prosecutions where that office is conducting the prosecution. The informant must provide to the DPP any information, document or thing that is in the possession of, or known by, the informant that is relevant to the alleged offence, subject to any claims for statutory privilege or public interest immunity: s 415A Criminal Procedure Act 2009.

Disclosure certificates apply also to matters in the indictable stream that proceed by way of a hand-up brief.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Criminal – Magistrates’ Court (VIC) publication has been updated accordingly.

See the By Lawyers  101 Subpoena Answers publication for information about public interest immunity, statutory immunity, and other statutory restrictions.

COVID Recovery – VIC

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Practice Direction No. 3 of 2022 – COVID recovery currently applies to all types of matters in the Magistrates’ Court of Victoria. It overrides any other directions to the extent of any inconsistency.

In general, remote appearances by clients and practitioners are available, encouraged, and in some cases required. However, physical appearances are also possible, mainly by request, and in some cases required.

The practice direction sets out detailed special arrangements for all types of appearances, including:

  • accused on bail or summons;
  • bail applications and other hearings with the accused in custody;
  • criminal mentions and applications;
  • Specialist courts and programs;
  • intervention orders – applications and hearings;
  • civil hearings including oral examinations;
  • counter services.

In some instances it is necessary for practitioners to email the court and request permission to make a physical appearance in a matter.

The By Lawyers commentaries in all publications involving the Magistrates’ Court have been updated with a link to the practice direction.

  • Magistrates’ Court – Criminal
  • Intervention Orders
  • Traffic Offences
  • Magistrates’ Court Civil – Act for the plaintiff
  • Magistrates’ Court Civil – Act for the defendant
  • Enforcement

These COVID recovery arrangements under the practice direction continue indefinitely at this stage.

Criminal procedure – VIC

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Criminal procedure amendments enacted by the Justice Legislation Amendment (Criminal Procedure and Other Matters) Act 2022 have commenced. Further amendments are pending.

Amendments include:

Prosecution disclosure obligations

Section 41 Criminal Procedure Act 2009 sets out what must be provided in a full brief.  This includes any information, document, or thing on which the prosecution intends to rely at the hearing. The section has been amended to require the prosecution to now include in the brief any information relevant to the credibility of a prosecution witness, including their criminal record if any.

The informant, usually a police officer, also has an ongoing duty of disclosure to the Director of Public Prosecutions where that office is conducting the prosecution. The informant must provide to the DPP any information, document, or thing that is in the possession of, or known by, the informant that is relevant to the alleged offence, subject to any claims for statutory privilege or public interest immunity.

An amendment yet to commence requires detailed disclosure certificates to be prepared by the prosecution to ensure compliance with these disclosure requirements. There are associated tweaks to the pre-trial procedure to accommodate them. These amendments are awaiting proclamation, but have a default commencement date of 1 October 2022.

Remote evidence

The criminal procedure amendments introduce an obligation on the court to direct that the evidence of a witness be given remotely if the witness is a complainant in a proceeding that relates to an offence that constitutes family violence within the meaning of the Family Violence Protection Act 2008. This applies if closed-circuit television or other facilities that enable communication between the courtroom and another place are available and it is practicable to do so.

Appeals

Where the Magistrates’ Court in any given matter is constituted by the Chief Magistrate who is a dual commission holder, meaning also a Supreme Court judge, appeals are now to the Court of Appeal.

Intervention Orders

Declarations of truth are now available for applicants commencing applications for personal safety intervention orders. This is in addition to oaths, affirmations, and affidavits. Declarations of truth were already available for family violence applications.

Under both Acts, special rules apply for the cross-examination of affected family members and children. The amendments have effectively made remote evidence the default position for protected witnesses, which includes children and close family members of the accused. See s 69 (1A) of the Family Violence Protection Act 2008 and ss 49 and 52 of the Personal Safety Intervention Orders Act 2010.

Publication updates

These changes have been reflected as required in the By Lawyers Magistrates’ Court – Criminal publication. When the additional amendments commence our publications will be further updated.

Spent convictions – VIC

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The Spent Convictions Act 2021 (Vic), along with the Spent Convictions Regulations 2021 (Vic), establishes a legislative scheme for criminal convictions to lapse after a set period automatically.

The commencement of this legislation on 1 December 2021, brought Victoria into line with the other states which already have such a scheme.

Employees and job candidates have rights under the Act, relating to an employer’s access to their criminal records. When particular criminal convictions lapse they may not be used as a basis for making decisions about a person’s employment. This generally applies to less serious offences.

Convictions which have lapsed under the legislation will not appear on a police record check unless the check is for certain types of employment, such as working with children. Specific provisions under some legislation, for example an application for a firearms licence, will still require full criminal histories to be disclosed.

Convictions for offences which are not deemed serious are eligible to be spent automatically after a 10-year crime-free period, for offences committed as an adult. The period is 5 years for offences committed as a minor.

The Spent convictions commentary has been updated in the By Lawyers Employment Law and Magistrates’ Court – Criminal (Vic) guides.

Drink driving – QLD

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Amendments to drink driving legislation relating to interlock orders and driver education programs commence in Queensland on 10 September 2021.

Interlock program now applies to more drink driving offences

From 10 September 2021 mandatory interlock orders apply upon conviction for any drink driving offence with a BAC of 0.10 or greater. Previously interlock orders only applied to offences with BAC of 0.15 or more.

An interlock device is a breath testing instrument which is connected to the electrical system of a motor vehicle and prevents the engine being started unless the driver passes a breath test. These devices must be installed, by an approved installer at the driver’s expense, if a court order makes it a requirement of being able to obtain a driving licence.

Education programs for drink drivers

From 10 September 2021 conviction for any offence which attracts a mandatory interlock order renders the driver ineligible to obtain a licence for 5 years from the date of their conviction unless they have completed an approved drink driver education program.

First offenders must complete a brief intervention education program (BIEP). Repeat offenders must complete a repeat offender education program (ROEP). These programs are separate to the Queensland Traffic Offenders Program, which is generally completed prior to the offender being sentenced.

Exemptions from completing the required drink driver education programs are available. Applicants must show that requiring them to do the program would be unreasonable or cause severe hardship. However, applications for exemption cannot be made until the end of the applicable licence disqualification period.

Publication updates

The By Lawyers Magistrates Court (QLD) – Traffic Offences guide has been amended accordingly. See Alcohol Ignition Interlock Program in the commentary for more information. The precedent Letter to client finalising the matter and confirming outcome of plea has been amended to incorporate the new provisions.

New rules for IVOs – VIC

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There are new rules for IVOs in the Magistrates’ Court. The Magistrates’ Court (Personal Safety Intervention Orders) Rules 2021 commenced on 29 August 2021.

Intervention orders are made in the Magistrates’ Court under either the Family Violence Protection Act 2008 or the Personal Safety Intervention Orders Act 2010.

The Magistrates’ Court (Personal Safety Intervention Orders) Rules 2021 and the Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection) Rules 2018 provide for the practice and procedure in all proceedings under the respective Acts, including service, orders, subpoenas, affidavits and hearings. The two sets of rules are largely uniform and therefore procedure under both Acts is essentially the same.

The new rules for IVOs revoke and replace these previous rules:

  • Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection) Rules 2008;
  • Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection Rules) (Amendment No. 1) Rules 2011;
  • Magistrates’ Court (Vexatious Proceedings Amendments) Rules 2014;
  • Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection) Amendment Rules 2017;
  • Magistrates’ Court (Family Violence Protection) Amendment Rules 2018.

The By Lawyers Intervention orders commentary has been updated with links to the new rules. The specialist Intervention orders guide is part of the Criminal – Magistrates Court publication.

Drink and drug driving – WA

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New offences apply for the combined offence of drink and drug driving in Western Australia from 1 July 2021. There are also increased penalties for existing drink and drug driving offences.

Recent amendments to the Road Traffic Act 1974 have commenced. They are contained within the Road Traffic (Impaired Driving and Penalties) Act 2019.

The amending Act implements reforms which will:

  • allow a police officer to immediately prohibit a driver who tests positive to the presence of prescribed illicit drugs at roadside from driving for 24 hours;
  • introduce new offences to target people who drive with an illegal level of both alcohol and prescribed illicit drugs;
  • increase penalties for existing drink and drug driving offences to ensure that they remain an effective deterrent; and
  • enhance and streamline drink and drug driving enforcement processes.

The By Lawyers Magistrates Court (WA) – Traffic Offences commentary has been updated to reflect these changes.

Corresponding amendments have also been made to the Retainer Instructions and initial letters to reflect the updated penalty amounts for each applicable offence.

There are also 20 new precedents. These new initial letters deal with the new category of offence: driving with an illegal level of alcohol and prescribed illicit drugs. These helpful precedent letters contain the relevant penalties, which are dependent upon the BAC level of the offender and whether the incident is a first, second, third or subsequent offence. These letters assist practitioners to quickly and accurately advise and inform their clients.

Drink and drug driving – NSW

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There is a new category of traffic offence in NSW of combined drink and drug driving. The Road Transport Legislation Amendment (Drink and Drug Driving Offences) Act 2021 commenced on 28 June 2021.

It has long been an offence for a person to drive with drugs in their oral fluid, blood or urine. Likewise, the offence of driving with the prescribed concentration of alcohol in the breath or bloodstream. The new category of offences relates to driving with the presence of both a prescribed illicit drug in a person’s oral fluid, blood or urine and the prescribed concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath or blood.

Note that a person cannot, in relation to the same conduct, be convicted of both an existing offence of either drink or drug driving and also the new combined offence. However, a person can still be convicted of drink or drug driving where the combined offence is not proven.

The commentary in the By Lawyers NSW Traffic offences guide has been updated accordingly. New precedents have also been added to the Library of initial letters to the client as follows:

  • Initial letter to client – Alcohol and drug driving middle range – First offence
  • Initial letter to client – Alcohol and drug driving middle range – Second offence
  • Initial letter to client – Alcohol and drug driving high range – First offence
  • Initial letter to client – Alcohol and drug driving high range – Second offence
  • Initial letter to client – Second offence of combined alcohol and drug offence

Like all of the initial letters to client in the By Lawyers criminal law guides, these new precedent letters set out the penalties and sentencing options for the new offences of combined drink driving and drug driving. These letters make it easy for practitioners to quickly and accurately confirm their advice on penalties to clients charged with traffic offences at the point of engagement.

There are also relevant amendments to the Retainer instructions – Traffic offences.

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