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Casual employment – FED

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Recent amendments to the Fair Work Act

There is a new statutory definition of ‘casual employee’ from 27 March 2021. There is also an expanded statutory pathway for regular casual employees to convert their employment status to full time. Employers now have an obligation to offer permanent employment in certain circumstances.

Some relief has been granted to employers for underpayment claims from employees incorrectly classified as casual. This addresses instances of ‘double dipping’.

The Fair Work Amendment (Supporting Australia’s Jobs and Economic Recovery) Act 2021 has introduced significant amendments to the Fair Work Act 2009 including:

Statutory definition

Section 15A provides that a person is a casual employee if they have been offered and have accepted employment on the basis that the employer gave ‘no firm advance commitment to continuing and indefinite work according to an agreed pattern…’.

Conversion to permanent employment

Additionally, for casual employees who fall outside the modern award framework there is a statutory obligation for employers to offer conversion to full or part-time employment, unless there are reasonable business grounds not to do so. This does not apply to small business employers.

Casual Employment Information Statement

Employers must provide casual employees with a Casual Employment Information Statement, before, or as soon as practicable after, they start their employment. This is additional to the Fair Work Information Statement.

Off-setting casual loading to prevent ‘double-dipping’

Employers are provided with relief for underpayment claims from employees incorrectly classified as casual.

Regular casual employee

The previous definition of ‘long term casual’ is replaced with ‘regular casual employee’. The definition relates to the element of employment on a regular and systematic basis, but without any specific time requirement.

By Lawyers keeps you up to date

For further details see the By Lawyers Employment Law publication which has been updated accordingly.

Apprehended violence legislation – NSW

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Apprehended violence legislation in NSW has been further amended.

Amending legislation

Further provisions of the Stronger Communities Legislation Amendment (Domestic Violence) Act 2020 commenced on 27 March 2021.

Duration of ADVOs

Where a defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment which is to be served in a correctional centre, the apprehended violence legislation now requires the court to specify that any related apprehended violence order (ADVO) will be in force for a period of two years longer than the sentence imposed. That does not apply if the court otherwise orders, or if the offender is under 18 years of age.  The term of imprisonment refers to the full sentence imposed by the court, including non-parole and parole periods. The additional two years is calculated with reference to the total sentence imposed by the court at the time that the ADVO is made.

Harming animals

The apprehended violence legislation has also been amended in relation to harming, or threatening to harm, animals belonging to or in the possession of a protected person.

Conduct that causes a reasonable apprehension of harm to animals belonging to or in the possession of the protected person is now within the definition of ‘intimidation’.

A person who engages in that conduct is guilty of an offence that carries a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment or 50 penalty units or both.

The change to the definition of ‘intimidation’ means that harm to animals belonging to or in the possession of the protected person is now included in the mandatory prohibition in every AVO which prohibits damage or destroying property. This amendment was based on evidence that threatening, injuring or killing family pets is a tactic used to control and coerce partners or other family members in the context of domestic violence.

New standard order

There is a consequential amendment under the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Amendment (Standard Orders) Regulation 2021, which also commenced on 27 March 2021. This amends the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Regulation 2019 to include in the standard orders a prohibition on harming any animals owned by or in the possession of the person in need of protection under an order.

By Lawyers Apprehended violence orders (NSW) publication has been updated accordingly.

Contracts subject to finance – Conveyancing – NSW

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New commentary and precedents for Contracts subject to finance have been added to the By Lawyers New South Wales Conveyancing Purchase of Real Property publication.

As a result of a suggestion from a By Lawyers user, we have updated the Purchase of Real Property (NSW) Guide with a new section of commentary and a folder of precedent letters.

The commentary now includes a section titled Contracts subject to finance, which discusses the increasingly common situation where a purchaser has not secured unconditional finance approval before exchange. Practical information is included on:

  • negotiating the inclusion into the contract of a special condition making completion subject to finance;
  • the effect of unsuccessful finance applications;
  • seeking an extension of time from the vendor where necessary;
  • serving written notice where finance falls through;
  • the requirement of the purchaser to not otherwise be in default when ending a contract;
  • continuing without unconditional approval;
  • forfeiture of deposit and damages – including negotiating a reduced amount.

The following new precedents to assist with contracts subject to finance have been added to Folder C. NEGOTIATIONS & EXCHANGE > IF REQUIRED – UNCONDITIONAL CONTRACTS:

  • Letter to vendor’s solicitor confirming contract unconditional;
  • Letter to vendor’s solicitor requesting extension of time; and
  • Letter to vendor ending contract.

At By Lawyers we pride ourselves on the cooperative and collegiate relationship we have with the many firms using our commentary and precedents daily. We value the feedback that we receive as it helps us continue to improve our publications, as in this instance. We love to hear from you!

Wills guide review – TAS

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The continuing commitment of By Lawyers to updating and enhancing our publications has seen a Tasmanian Wills guide review completed.

Subscribers using this publication will find a re-ordered and extended matter plan, plus a revised and updated commentary.

The commentary revisions and enhancements arising from this Wills guide review include:

  • The Overview has been expanded and re-ordered;
  • Additional practical guidance added under the new heading ‘Taking instructions for wills’;
  • New commentary on testamentary capacity and the test set out in the leading case of Banks v Goodfellow (1870) LR 5 QB 549 at 565;
  • Enhanced commentary and links to legislative provisions regarding the formal requirements for a valid will;
  • Newly consolidated commentary under  new heading: Revocation, marriage, divorce and revival;
  • Expanded commentary on Informal wills, with links to cases;
  • Re-ordered section on the rules of succession on intestacy, with relevant links to the Intestacy Act 2010 and the Relationships Act 2003;
  • Expanded commentary on executors and trustees, including solicitors as executors;
  • New commentary section focusing on the requirements for valid execution of a will, including issues such as blind witnesses, gifts to witnesses, and solicitors as witnesses;
  • Extensive discussion of the law on challenges to the validity of a will;
  • A new section called Finalising the matter which emphasises the importance of terminating the retainer.

A new To Do List precedent has also been added to the matter plan, under Folder A. Getting the matter underway. The new precedent provides a checklist of all usual and necessary steps in the preparation of a will for a client. The To Do list will assist practitioners and their support teams with both workflow and risk-management.

Mental health provisions – NSW

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Mental health provisions in the criminal courts have had their first substantive overhaul in 30 years. The Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act 2020 commenced on 27 March 2021. Division 2, Part 2 of the new Act applies to criminal offences in the Local Court.

The Mental Health and Cognitive Impairment Forensic Provisions Act 2020 replaces the Mental Health (Forensic Provisions) Act 1990, including what were previously known as ‘section 32 applications’. This re-set of mental health provisions in the criminal context provides a diversionary scheme for people with mental health and cognitive impairment issues who are charged with offences that may be dealt with summarily.

Under s 12 of the Act, if it appears to a magistrate that a defendant has, or had at the time of the commission of the offence, a mental health impairment or a cognitive impairment, or both, then the magistrate can make an order under s 14 to dismiss the charge either conditionally or unconditionally. The magistrate may also adjourn the proceedings under s 13 for assessment or diagnosis, preparation of a treatment plan or to identify a responsible person for the purpose of making an order.

The main changes from the existing law – apart from the new section numbers – are:

  • ‘mental health impairment’ is now defined’;
  • the existing definition of ‘cognitive impairment’ is slightly amended;
  • the new Act sets out what the magistrate can consider when deciding whether to make an order, although the court retains ultimate discretion; and
  • magistrates can now re-call people who are discharged on conditions under the Act, which they fail to comply with, for a period of 12 rather than 6 months.

These changes should see more people with mental health or cognitive impairments successfully diverted from the criminal justice system.

The By Lawyers Criminal Law publication has been updated accordingly. The existing commentary on section 32 applications has been moved to an Appendix at the end of the commentary, as the previous legislation continues to apply to matters which were already on foot before 27 March 2021.

 

Lawyers doing immigration work – FED

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Removal of dual registration requirement

Barriers to lawyers doing immigration work have finally been lifted. From 22 March 2021 amendments to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) remove the requirement for lawyers to also be registered as migration agents before doing immigration work for their clients.

Amendments to the Migration Act

Australian legal practitioners who hold an unrestricted practising certificate, as defined in the Migration Act, can now conduct immigration matters as part of their usual practice, with no requirement to register as migration agents under the Act.

Amendments to the Act by the Migration Amendment (Regulation of Migration Agents) Act 2020 effectively define an ‘unrestricted’ Australian legal practitioner as one who has completed their compulsory period of supervised practice after first being admitted. Those who hold an ‘unrestricted’ practising certificate are permitted to give immigration assistance in connection with legal practice without being registered as migration agents. They will no longer be able to be registered migration agents: s 276 of the Act.

Newly admitted Australian legal practitioners still within their supervision period may still become registered migration agents. In fact those practitioners may not provide immigration assistance to their clients unless they are registered migration agents. Their dual registration may continue for up to 4 years. This is intended to facilitate such lawyers doing immigration work while completing their supervision period.

The definition of Australian legal practitioner in s 275 of the Act, as amended, excludes lawyers who are admitted but who do not hold a practising certificate. It also excludes lawyers who are eligible to practice under the law of a country other than Australia or New Zealand. Those practitioners will need to register as a migration agent to be able to give immigration assistance in Australia.

Regulation

‘Unrestricted’ Australian legal practitioners are not subject to regulation by the Office of the Migration Agents Registration Authority (OMARA), whereas registered migration agents – including those who are ‘restricted’ Australian legal practitioners – are.

To be registered as a migration agent, an eligible ‘restricted’ Australian legal practitioner must satisfy the requirements of s 289A of the Act.

A registered migration agent must notify OMARA in writing within 28 days of becoming a legal practitioner, with a penalty of 100 penalty units for failure to do so: see s 312 of the Act. They will then be de-registered by OMARA.

Forms

From 22 March 2021 a legal practitioner who wishes to commence providing immigration assistance and has never been issued a Migration Agent Registration Number (MARN), will
need to complete the Australian Legal Practitioner Number (LPN) form from the Department of Home Affairs website. Al link to this form is available on the Immigration matter plan.

Appointment of a Registered Migration Agent, Legal Practitioner or Exempt Person, form 956 allows the holder of an Australian Legal Practising Certificate to advise the Department of Home Affairs that they have been appointed by a client to provide immigration assistance under the Migration Act 1958 and, if applicable, to receive documents on their behalf.

The By Lawyers Immigration Guide has been updated accordingly. This publication is available to assist lawyers doing immigration work for their clients.

Domestic violence – QLD

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The By Lawyers Domestic Violence (QLD) publication has been reviewed. The matter plan has been revised and re-ordered for better workflow and searchability.

New or enhanced sections of commentary include:

  • Police applications for temporary protection orders and Police protection notices;
  • Interaction with family law orders;
  • Negotiating orders;
  • First return date;
  • Consent orders;
  • Subpoenas;
  • Withdrawing an application;
  • Variation of orders;
  • Breaches;
  • The National Domestic Violence orders Scheme; and
  • Appeals.

Additional links to relevant sections of the Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 have been inserted in the commentary. There are also links to the rules and to other relevant legislative instruments, such as the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 (Qld) which defines ‘spouse’ to include both a de facto partner and a registered partner.

This review is part of By Lawyers’ ongoing commitment to updating and enhancing our publications.

Children – Family Law – FED

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The By Lawyers Family Law Children publication has been reviewed. Resulting updates and enhancements to the commentary and precedents include:

  • Parenting Orders commentary re-ordered and streamlined, with consequent amendments to the matter plan and new section on applications by ‘Other persons’.
  • Transfer of less frequently used forms and precedents into ‘If required’ folders, for example, subpoenas.
  • A new top-level folder on the matter plan dedicated to the final hearing.
  • New commentary on Undertakings.
  • Restructure of the enforcement/contravention section of the matter plan into Dealing with breaches of orders with detailed commentary on both applications.
  • Updated case summaries in 101 Family Law Answers for binding child support agreements, applications by grandparents, and the variation of parenting orders.

This review is part of our current preparation for the commencement of the new court structure. Practitioners will be aware that the Commonwealth parliament has passed the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia Act 2021 and the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2021, commencing 1 September at the latest. The new Acts create an amalgamated Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (FCFCA) with two divisions. The FCFCA will be the single point of entry for family law and child support cases.

The new court will continue to have a statutory obligation to protect the rights of children, promote their welfare, and protect them from family violence.

All four of the By Lawyers Family Law publications – Children, Property Settlement, Financial Agreements, and Divorce – will be revised and updated as required when the new court commences. Going forward, relevant decisions of the FCFCA will also be added to 101 Family Law Answers as they are published.

Family law cases – FED

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A number of recent family law cases have been added to 101 Family Law Answers.

These new family law cases are located in the following sections of this helpful reference manual:

Costs orders

For a discussion of interim lump sum payments see Russo and Russo & Ors [2020] FCWA 182 at [61]-[66].

Settlement offers

In Paradin & Paradin [2020] FamCAFC 245 an order that the husband pay the wife’s costs was set aside. The husband had rejected the wife’s Calderbank offer because it was ambiguous and was not specific as to breakdown of payments. Strickland J stated at [57]:

… I am reminded … of what the Full Court said in Pennisi, namely, it is critical to consider the context in which an offer is made … And, as was said by the Full Court in Cross & Beaumont [2008] FamCAFC 68 … at [51] that context can be that ‘[i]f the recipient of the offer is demonstrably unable to comply with his or her obligations under the proposed settlement, it is difficult to see how the offer could be relied upon in support of an application for costs’.

Contributions – Conduct and family violence

Benson & Drury [2020] FamCAFC 303 saw the Full Court dismiss an appeal by the de facto husband against a 5% adjustment in the de facto wife’s favour. The adjustment had been made due to the impact of family violence upon her contributions, based on the arguments raised in Kennon. However, the Full Court stated that the primary judge was in error for not considering the Kennon argument in a holistic way. At [35] they stated:

…The contributions which have been made significantly more arduous have to be weighed along with all other contributions by each of the parties, whether financial or non-financial, direct or indirect to the acquisition, conservation and improvement of property and in the role of homemaker and parent. All contributions must be weighed collectively and so it is an error to segment or compartmentalise the various contributions and weigh one against the remainder.

101 Family Law Answers is available as a related guide and also in the reference materials folder in all By Lawyers Family Law publications. It provides more detailed information and relevant family law cases. It is separated into the various Family Law matter types – Property Settlement, Children, Financial Agreements and Divorce. It also covers general procedural issues and the enforcement of orders.

Magistrates Court Civil- VIC

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The By Lawyers Magistrates Court Civil – Acting for the Plaintiff litigation commentary has been reviewed by our author.

The resulting consolidation and enhancements include:

  • The commentary on interrogatories has been enhanced including practical insights into the correct form that an interrogatory should take. Examples of defective interrogatories have been added to assist practitioners in drafting interrogatories.
  • The commentary on expert witnesses has been enhanced. The commentary now highlights the crucial point that reliance on an expert report will usually waive privilege over all materials or communications that may have influenced the expert in forming their opinion. This means practitioner communications with an expert witness will likely have to be disclosed to the other party and the court, so drafting communications requires care.

This review of the Magistrates Court Civil – Acting for the Plaintiff litigation commentary is part of By Lawyers continuing commitment to enhancing our content and helping our subscribers enjoy practice more.

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