obiter | ByLawyers News and Updates

Guide to Commonwealth offences – All states

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A new Guide to Commonwealth offences dealt with in state magistrates’ courts has been added to all By Lawyers Criminal publications.

This helpful new commentary and additional precedents will assist practitioners in advising and representing clients charged with offences under the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) and the Commonwealth Criminal Code.

The new commentary sets out the procedure for summary and indictable Commonwealth charges in state courts, from bail considerations to sentencing.

The possible sentencing options are covered in detail and there is a very useful table of the Commonwealth offences most frequently encountered in state magistrates’ courts.

New precedents include:

  • Example written submissions in support of an application for discharge of an offender without proceeding to conviction; and
  • Letter to client after sentence – providing for various outcomes.

All existing Retainer Instructions for criminal and bail matters in the respective state Criminal Guides have been enhanced to include Commonwealth offences.

The new Guide to Commonwealth offences can be found in the Related Guides drop-down menu of the Legal Guides tab.

Coronavirus legal issues – All states

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Dealing with coronavirus legal issues is currently a major challenge for legal practitioners everywhere. A great deal of emergency legislation has been passed already in response to the pandemic, both temporary and permanent. Temporary arrangements are daily being introduced by courts, land registries and other authorities to allow business to be transacted despite the need for social distancing. There are also practical measures that can and must be taken to allow practitioners to continue to provide their services and assist their clients.

By Lawyers have produced a publication which brings together in one place a collection of practical information to help the profession at this time. Dealing with coronavirus legal issues is a valuable resource for lawyers. It is now available by clicking on the link at the top of the matter plan in every By Lawyers Guide.

The content within Dealing with coronavirus legal issues is also published here on our Obiter News and Updates site.

The Dealing with coronavirus legal issues publication will be updated and enhanced as the response to the pandemic develops. As always, By Lawyers will keep practitioners abreast of ongoing changes and provide our trademark practical assistance to guide the profession in these difficult times.

Policies and procedures – All states

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New content has been added to the By Lawyers reference manual 101 Policies and Procedures, after a recent author review.

The new content covers:

  • Managing client communications – Policies and procedures covering all aspects of firm communications including phone, email and written correspondence. In addition, a comprehensive complaint-handling procedure has been included.
  • Confidential information – A policy on protection of confidential information has been added, which includes breaches.
  • Intellectual property – A simple policy has been added for protecting the firm’s existing IP and dealing with any new IP created by team members in the course of their employment.
  • Working from home – A policy which clarifies the rights and obligations of team members and the firm in relation to working from home arrangements.

The By Lawyers 101 Policies and Procedures manual makes it easy for law firms to adopt, modify and enhance their in-house policies and procedures. Practitioners can also use this resource to assist clients with implementing appropriate policies and procedures in their businesses.

In these difficult times it is more important than ever to ensure that all team members are clear about their obligations and are on the same page when communicating with clients, handling confidential information and working from home. These enhancements can assist all law firms with their practice management.

Commonwealth offences – All states

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Commentary on Commonwealth offences dealt with in state magistrates’ courts has been added to all By Lawyers Criminal Guides.

This new commentary and additional precedents will assist practitioners advising and representing clients charged with offences under the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) and the Commonwealth Criminal Code.

The new commentary sets out the procedure for summary and indictable Commonwealth charges in state courts, from bail considerations to sentencing.

The possible sentencing options are covered in detail and there is a very helpful table of the Commonwealth offences most frequently encountered in state magistrates’ courts.

New precedents include:

  • Example written submissions in support of an application for discharge of an offender without proceeding to conviction; and
  • Letter to client after sentence – providing for various outcomes.

All existing Retainer Instructions for criminal and bail matters have been enhanced to include Commonwealth offences.

The new content can be found in the IF REQUIRED – COMMONWEALTH OFFENCES folder on the matter plan in every By Lawyers Criminal law guide.

 

Remote signing – All states

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Practical issues relating to the remote signing of documents such as agreements, deeds, wills and powers of attorney by companies and individuals

Remote signing of documents has become an important issue for solicitors and their clients due to the coronavirus pandemic. Face to face meetings are now largely excluded meaning clients are unable to attend at their lawyer’s office to sign documents.

Documents which must be signed need to be mailed or emailed to clients and then signed remotely.

Signatures

Signatures establish the identity of the person signing and their intention to create legal relations.  It is this intention indicated by placing their mark on a document that gives it its legal character or functionality, not the mark itself. There is no real distinction made at law between handwritten signatures, marks or electronic signatures. Signing a document electronically might be done by typing one’s name, pasting an image of one’s usual signature, using a stylus or finger on a touchscreen or using e-signing software.

Agreements

An agreement can be in electronic form and executed electronically, if witnessing is not required.

Most contracts, such as the contract for the sale of land, do not require a witness.

If witnessing is required, it can be done electronically provided the witness is present when the deed is signed. If witnessing is not possible this way due to virus related isolation, then the counterparty will need to agree to another method.

Electronic conveyancing requirements

A Client Authorisation Form may be electronically signed, subject to specific jurisdictional requirements. Whilst the Verification of Identity Standard requires a face-to-face in person interview, compliance with the standard is not mandatory and taking ‘reasonable steps’ to verify the identity of the client, such as by video meeting, is sufficient.

The By Lawyers Contract for Sale of Land in NSW and in VIC allows for electronic exchange and electronic settlement in compliance with electronic transactions legislation and the Verification of Identity Standard rules.

Deeds

Deeds usually require signatures to be witnessed and to be in writing.

An electronically-signed deed that is immediately printed out on paper may satisfy the common law requirement for paper with the first printed version being the original deed rather than a copy. However, parties to a transaction are better served to agree in advance to the acceptability of a particular form of deed and its electronic signature. Similarly, checking before execution  the requirements of organisations such as registries with whom the deeds must be registered will ensure their acceptability.

As mentioned above, witnessing can be electronic provided the witness is present when the deed is signed. If this is not possible then the counterparty will need to agree to another method.

An acceptable method might be by video attendance of the party’s lawyer who on return of the signed deed certifies it to be identical to the one submitted for signing and that the signing was witnessed by video.

Wills

The issue with executing wills remotely given social distancing, is the availability of two witnesses who are not themselves beneficiaries.

Where the required two disinterested witnesses are not available, the will may be executed informally, by the testator, who after signing it, returns it to their solicitor with a statement that they intend it to be their last will and testament. Accompanied by an affidavit explaining the signing in the prevailing circumstances, perhaps with video witnessing, a grant of probate of the informal will is likely to be made if required. Once the pandemic ends the will can be properly signed.

Powers of attorney

A general power of attorney does not need a witness and can be signed remotely.

However, an enduring power of attorney must be witnessed by a prescribed witness – usually the principal’s solicitor – who must also certify that they explained the effect of the document to the principal and that they appeared to understand it. On that basis remote signing is technically impossible.

Where a face to face meeting – even one at an outdoor location with appropriate distancing – is not possible, the document could be sent to the client by post or email for their written or electronic signature. Their lawyer could hold a video conference with the client and explain the document and see it signed by their client. When returned the lawyer can certify that they gave the explanation and were satisfied as to the principal’s understanding, but whilst unable to personally witness the document being signed, they witnessed the signing in video conference.

In this practical way the power is likely to be acceptable in most cases where there is no issue raised.

Where this approach is taken, the risks that the document may not be effective need to be explained to the client and appropriate file notes made.

Appointments of enduring guardian and Advance medical directives

The same witnessing and certification procedures apply to these instruments as for enduring powers of attorney. Similar practical, emergency measures might be undertaken.

Company execution

It is arguable whether a company can execute a document electronically under s 127 of the Corporations Act 2001.

However, in this busy world of commerce it is common for documents to be signed by duly authorised officers, or one director, or by a duly appointed attorney.

Generally

The ongoing response to Coronavirus means that emergency measures are rapidly being introduced to modify the usual signing and witnessing requirements. For example, some courts will currently accept unsigned affidavits on the basis that they will later be formally executed if necessary. The website of each court should be referred to as required.

 

Keep up-to-date with our latest COVID-19 News & Updates

Employment and the Coronavirus – FED

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Many questions arise at the moment about Employment and the Coronavirus. The By Lawyers Employment Law Guide and the 101 Employment Law Answers reference manual located within that publication can assist subscribers to advise their clients, whether employers or employees.

In addition, our author Brad Petley, an accredited specialist in Workplace Relations, has prepared a timely article on the issues that practitioners and their clients need to consider. This article has been added to the By Lawyers Employment Law Guide, under the Reference Materials folder. The text of Mr Petley’s article is reproduced here for general assistance:

Employer obligations

Employers have legal obligations to ensure the health and safety of their employees and contractors, and also to ensure that the health and safety of members of the public is not put at risk from the conduct of their business or undertaking. This includes managing the risk of exposure to and spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the workplace.

Health risks such as Coronavirus need to be carefully and sensitively managed, as they can give rise to a risk of claims of discrimination, unfair treatment and even unfair dismissal.

Therefore, employers should ensure they act fairly and on the basis of reliable and current medical information. Similarly, employers should not permit or encourage their employees to target or treat adversely any particular demographic in the workplace.

There are legal protections against discrimination or adverse action based on race, ethnicity, national origin or impairment – which can include disease or illness.  In an atmosphere of heightened anxiety due to the impact of Coronavirus, it important that employees’ emotions and conduct are managed by clear and open commu­nication from senior manage­ment.

The rapidly changing situation with the Coronavirus pandemic means that many employers will be focused on reducing their labour costs in the current business climate.  To reduce labour costs employers may consider options such as:

  • Asking employees to take their accrued paid leave such as annual leave and long service leave;
  • Implementing stand-downs pursuant to s 524 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth); or
  • Implementing redundancies.

Leave

Under the Fair Work Act full-time and part-time national system employees are entitled to 10 days personal/carer’s leave each year of service. The entitlement accumulates progressively.

Employees who access their accrued personal/carer’s leave due to injury or illness such as Coronavirus, are considered to be temporarily absent from work and, as such, are protected from dismissal because of their illness or injury: see s 352.

That does not mean that an employee on personal/carer’s leave, who is suffering from Coronavirus, cannot be required to obey reasonable and lawful OHS based instructions intended to minimise the risk of the person spreading disease in the workplace.  For example, an employee diagnosed with COVID-19 who disobeyed an instruction not to attend the workplace unless cleared medically would risk disciplinary action.

Stand-down

An employer may stand down an employee during a period in which the employee cannot usefully be employed due to circumstances for which the employer cannot reasonably be held responsible.

The employer does not pay wages for the period of a stand down. This is not a deferment but a pause during the stand-down in the obligation to pay wages.

An employee stood down continues to accrue entitlements to annual leave and personal/carer’s leave under the National Employment Standards, as well as an entitlement to a public holiday that falls on a day the employee would ordinarily work during the stand-down period: see. s 524.

Redundancy

For a redundancy-based dismissal, employees who are dismissed on the grounds of a ‘genuine redundancy’ are not eligible to bring an unfair dismissal application: see s 385(d).

A genuine redundancy occurs where:

  • the person’s employer no longer required the person’s job to be performed by anyone because of changes in the operational requirements of the employer’s enterprise; and
  • the employer has complied with any obligation in a modern award or enterprise agreement that applied to the employment to consult about the redundancy.

A genuine redundancy does not occur if it would have been reasonable in all the circumstances for the person to be redeployed within:

  • the employer’s enterprise; or
  • the enterprise of an associated entity of the employer.

Dismissal

When interviewing a client who claims to have been dismissed due to the Coronavirus, it is important to ascertain the basis of the client’s belief.

If there is evidence supporting the claim that the virus was the reason for the dismissal, then a claim for unfair dismissal or breach of general protections provisions may be available.

 

– Brad Petley solicitor is the main author of the By Lawyers Employment Law guides. He will continue to update our subscribers regarding Employment and the Coronavirus as circumstances demand.

 

Keep up-to-date with our latest COVID-19 News & Updates

Temporary changes to insolvency laws – FED

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The Federal Government has made temporary changes to insolvency laws under the Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus Act 2020, aimed at relieving current economic pressures on individuals and companies.

The Act commenced on 25 March 2020.

These temporary changes to insolvency laws are as follows:

Bankruptcy

The time for a debtor to comply with a bankruptcy notice has been extended from 21 days to six months. The threshold for initiating bankruptcy proceedings increases from $5,000 to $20,000. These changes will apply for six months from commencement of the Act.

The same six month time extension applies to the time within which a debtor is protected from enforcement action by a creditor, following their presentation of a declaration of intention to present a debtor’s petition, under s 54A Bankruptcy Act.

Liquidation

The time for a debtor company to comply with a statutory demand has been extended from 21 days to six months. The threshold to issue a statutory demand has been increased from $2,000 to $20,000. These changes will apply until 25 September 2020.

Safe harbour

A new, temporary, s 588GAAA ‘Safe harbour—temporary relief in response to the coronavirus’, of the Corporations Act 2001 provides that the existing civil penalties for directors failing to prevent insolvent trading under ss 588G(2) do not apply in relation to a debt incurred by a company if the debt is incurred in the ordinary course of the company’s business and until 25 September 2020.

Practitioners should keep these changes in mind for the next six months and be aware of the end date, which is 25 September 2020.

Alerts have been added to the By Lawyers Insolvency – Bankruptcy of Individuals, Insolvency – Company Liquidation and Companies commentaries notifying subscribers of these changes.

 

Keep up-to-date with our latest COVID-19 News & Updates

Assisting clients to manage their affairs – All states

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Assisting clients to manage their affairs

With the threat and uncertainty surrounding the Coronavirus many practitioners will be asked to prepare documents assisting clients to manage their affairs should the need arise.

By Lawyers commentary and precedents for Wills, Powers of Attorney, Guardianship and Directives across every state of Australia are available to help practitioners to respond to these requests.

In brief:

  • A will provides for the administration and distribution of a person’s property in the event of their death.
  • A power of attorney enables a person to empower someone they trust to conduct their legal and financial affairs on request. However, this power ceases should the principal lose capacity to authorise its use. This power can be witnessed by any adult.
  • An enduring power of attorney enables a person to empower someone they trust to conduct their legal and financial affairs without specific authorisation should the principal become unable to conduct their own affairs. Note: This power requires specific witnessing.
  • An enduring guardian or a medical power or an advance care directive. These powers are similar to an enduring power of attorney in that they allow a person to choose someone they trust to manage their health and lifestyle decisions, but not their financial affairs, should they become unable to do so themselves.

Helpful resources

The By Lawyers Wills publications provide detailed retainer instructions which can also be signed as an informal will in emergency situations should the need arise. Otherwise a will should be witnessed by two uninterested parties over the age of 18. The By Lawyers publication provides signing clauses for wills by handicapped, blind, non-English speaking and illiterate testators.

Detailed signing instructions are available and can be emailed to the client with the will should personal attendance at the office be difficult or undesirable.

The guides contain a full suite of wills for single people, people with a partner and for people with blended families. There are testamentary trust wills as well as international wills.

Practitioners will also find a full suite of the other important estate planning documents, for both financial and health & lifestyle matters.

There are practical and detailed commentaries to assist the practitioner to quickly and efficiently advise their clients on any issue of concern to them.  The retainer instructions and ‘to do’ lists ensure thorough and complete attention to all relevant considerations.

For further information

Please don’t hesitate to contact us at askus@bylawyers.com.au

CLE/CPD requirements – All states

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Timely compliance with CLE/CPD requirements has suddenly become a challenge for many small law firms. This is a result of the cancellation of seminars due to COVID-19.

With their ability to attend external events unexpectedly curtailed, the burden of professional education has reverted to firms to manage in-house. And they must do so within the strictures of remaining safe from virus risks.

Fortunately, By Lawyers can make this assist.

In-house training for CLE/CPD requirements

The By Lawyers guides are a great resource for professional education.

Whether in the office or working from home, lawyers can:

  • Read the By Lawyers Commentaries – whether relevant to their current matters, or in areas of law that they seek to brush-up on, or move into;
  • Delve into the By Lawyers Reference manuals, such as 1001 Conveyancing Answers, 101 Family Law Answers or 101 Subpoena Answers – providing detailed information and current case law related to specific client issues, or general legal concepts;
  • Review and practice drafting more complex documents in various areas of law, using By Lawyers precedents – such as an affidavit and example content in a litigation matter type;
  • Have a ‘Q & A’ session with a colleague by email or video-link – where each lawyer raises questions about practice and procedure or points of law for the other person to answer from the By Lawyers guides;
  • Present to the other members of the firm on-line by referencing or screen-sharing the relevant By Lawyers guide.

Even the compulsory units on practice management and business skills can be addressed via the By Lawyers Practice Management Guide and the related Reference Manual 101 Policies and Procedures. With sections on ethics, business planning and financial management, lawyers can use these resources to present to their colleagues or read for their own benefit.

The breadth, depth and easy accessibility of By Lawyers content makes it easy for firms to comply with in-house CLE/CPD requirements under their own steam, in any way that suits them.

These are tough times for everyone; lawyers in legal practices included. Complying with the relevant CLE/CPD requirements is a real challenge. By Lawyers makes it easier.

Guardianship – VIC

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Changes to guardianship legislation in Victoria commence on 1 March 2020.

The Guardianship and Administration Act 2019 repeals and replaces the Guardianship and Administration Act 1986 from 1 March 2020.

Described by Attorney-General Jill Hennessy as ‘the biggest changes to Victoria’s guardianship and administration laws in more than 30 years‘, the amendments are aimed at ensuring greater protections for adults with a disability who have impaired capacity to make and participate in decisions that affect their lives.

As a result of the new legislation commentaries in the following By Lawyers Guides have been updated:

  • Probate;
  • Letters of Administration;
  • Wills;
  • Powers and Advance Care Directives;
  • County Court – Acting for the plaintiff and Acting for the defendant;
  • Magistrates Court – Acting for the plaintiff;
  • Supreme Court – Acting for the plaintiff and Acting for the defendant; and
  • Personal Injury.

When announcing the amendments, the Attorney General stated that: ‘The changes reflect a more modern understanding of decision-making capacity and disability, and ensure that a person’s will and preferences are followed where possible and appropriate.’

The updates to our Guides were overseen by our highly experienced author Rossyln Curnow.

By Lawyers are committed to always keeping our subscribers up-to-date.

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