ByLawyers News and Updates

Enforcement – NSW

by

The By Lawyers Enforcement (NSW) publication has been extensively reviewed and expanded.

Part of the individual civil litigation publications for each court, the Enforcement guide deals with enforcing judgments and orders in civil matters in the Local Court, the District Court and the Supreme Court. It is a stand-alone publication, designed to assist practitioners who are advising and representing clients that seek to recover or resist a judgment debt or other order, whether or not the practitioner acted for the client in the substantive matter.

The commentaries have been substantially enhanced. New precedents provided on the matter plan include:

  • File cover sheet
  • Retainer instructions
  • Costs agreement and disclosure document
  • Initial letter to client
  • Letter of demand
  • To do list

The commentaries and precedents cover all manner of enforcement procedures, for all levels of courts, from examination and attachment to various warrants and writs.

Related By Lawyers guides include Insolvency and 101 Subpoena Answers.

Strata schemes – NSW

by

Amendments to the Strata Schemes Management Act 2015 have commenced. They make permanent the previous COVID-related changes which permit procedural and service requirements to be met electronically.

Section 263 as amended allows owners corporations and strata managers to serve documents on owners and occupiers in strata schemes via electronic transmission.

The seal of an owners corporation can be kept and affixed electronically. The regulations can prescribe the requirements for storing the seal in electronic form, affixing the seal, and record keeping.

Owners corporations and strata committees are able to meet and vote in ways other than by physical attendance. The amendments enable the regulations to govern how voting is conducted, voting procedures and reasonable steps taken to allow participation and voting at meetings.

The amending Act provides for these arrangements to be reviewed after 18 months to assess whether the amendments assist strata schemes to operate effectively and efficiently.

The By Lawyers 1001 Conveyancing Answers publication been amended to reflect these changes, with updated links to the new legislative sections.

Enforcement – VIC

by

The By Lawyers Enforcement (VIC) publication has been extensively reviewed and expanded.

Part of the individual civil litigation publications, the Enforcement guides deal with enforcing judgments and orders in civil matters in the Magistrates’ Court, the County Court and the Supreme Court. They are now stand-alone publications, designed to assist practitioners who are advising and representing clients that seek to recover or resist a judgment debt or other order, whether or not the practitioner acted for the client in the substantive matter.

The commentaries have been substantially enhanced. New precedents provided on the matter plan include:

  • File cover sheet
  • Retainer instructions
  • Costs agreement and disclosure document
  • Initial letter to client
  • Letter of demand
  • To do list

The commentaries and precedents cover all manner of enforcement procedures, in all levels of courts, from examination and attachment to various warrants and writs.

Related By Lawyers guides include Insolvency and 101 Subpoena Answers.

Letter of offer – FED

by

Two new Letter of offer precedents have been added to the By Lawyers Employment Law guide.

Letters of offer can be used to create an employment relationship between employer and employee when a full employment agreement is not required. These precedent letters set out the terms and conditions upon which the employment position is offered. The use of an optional schedule allows greater detail of the position description and the employee’s duties and responsibilities to be added if it is considered necessary.

The employee signs and returns a copy of the letter to confirm their acceptance of the position and the terms of employment.

One of the new precedents is for general use, the other is specific to employing apprentices.

The apprentice version extends the employee’s responsibilities to attending and undertaking the necessary training for completion of their apprenticeship. It also includes reference to the relevant requirements such as:

  • training contracts with an Australian Apprenticeship Support Network Provider;
  • specific state-based apprentice training legislation;
  • registered training organisations, such as TAFE;
  • training plans;
  • training records.

The apprentice version of the precedent also provides for the employee’s employment to terminate upon completion, cessation or transfer of the apprenticeship.

These new precedents Letter of offer and Letter of offer for an apprentice have been added to the matter plan in the Acting for Employer sub-folder under Folder B. Employment agreements.

By Lawyers comprehensive employment agreement precedents are also available in Folder B. for use when clients require a more detailed and flexible document. These precedents include:

  • Standard individual employment agreement;
  • Casual employment agreement; and
  • Executive employment agreement.

The new precedents have been added by our employment law author following a subscriber request. By Lawyers loves to receive feedback from our users – don’t hesitate to contact us if there are precedents you need.

Visa subclasses – FED

by

There have been changes to a number of visa subclasses. These changes create new conditions and affect the expiration dates and cancellation grounds across various visa subclasses.

The Migration Amendment (2022 Measures No. 2) Regulations 2022 introduce the following three migration law changes.

  1. Visa holders in the 482 temporary skill shortage visa subclass can apply for a further 482 visa without leaving Australia. Applicants must have been in Australia between 1 February 2020 and 14 December 2021, when international borders were shut. This only applies to 482 visas in the short-term stream. Applicants will be able to make a further 482 visa application onshore from 1 July 2022 to 1 July 2023.
  2. Holders of skilled graduate visa subclass 476 who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic have now had their visas extended to 14 April 2024. The extension commenced retrospectively on 31 January 2022, and includes secondary visa holders.
  3. Tourists who hold an Electronic Travel Authority eligible passport can now apply for a tourist visa subclass 601 through the new Australian ETA digital app, in addition to the existing Electronic Travel Authority website.

The Migration Amendment (Protecting Australia’s Critical Technology) Regulations 2022 introduces concepts of public interest criterion in granting and cancelling visas. These changes impact student visa subclass 500, and a postgraduate research course will satisfy the public interest criterion. However, the Minister may cancel any visa class where there is an unreasonable risk of any unwanted transfer of critical technology by a visa holder.

The By Lawyers Immigration commentary for both LEAP and website subscribers has been updated with these amendments. The commentary summarises the new conditions and dates for each affected visa subclass neatly within existing coverage of those visa subclasses.

Retail leases – NSW

by

Certain COVID-19 related arrangements for retail leases have been made permanent.

The COVID-19 and Other Legislation Amendment (Regulatory Reforms) Act 2022 No 5 preserves temporary protections for certain lessees impacted by COVID-19. This is achieved by inserting a savings provision, s 88(1A), into the Retail Leases Act 1994. This has the effect of retaining the relevant provisions of the Retail and Other Commercial Leases (COVID-19) Regulation 2022 even though it is to be otherwise automatically repealed on 14 July 2022.

The COVID-19 protections in question include:

  • Landlords cannot act against an impacted lessee failing to pay rent, failing to pay outgoings, or not being open for business during the hours required under the lease;
  • Rents cannot be increased, except for parts of rents that are calculated based on turnover;
  • Any breaches of a lease which are caused by the tenants’ compliance with Commonwealth or State COVID-19 laws are excused;
  • An obligation on both parties to retail leases to renegotiate in good faith the rent payable under the lease, based on the economic impacts of COVID-19.

The protections reflect those of the National Code of Conduct’s leasing principles. Impacted lessees are generally those who have received government assistance during COVID-19.

The amending Act also creates a new s 89, generally empowering creation of savings or transitional regulations on leases in response to COVID-19.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Leases guide and the relevant section of the 1001 Conveyancing Answers (NSW) publication has been amended to reflect these arrangements, including links to these new sections.

Disclosure certificates – VIC

by

A requirement for prosecution Disclosure certificates has been introduced for criminal matters.

The new s 41A of the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 requires the informant, or any other officer who prepared a full brief, to complete a Disclosure certificate and file it with the registry within 7 days of the brief being served. This certificate must be provided to the DPP, if they are conducting the matter, and served on the defence.

Disclosure certificates are required to set out anything that is not included in the full brief because it is subject to a claim for privilege, public interest immunity or other statutory immunity or restriction, and the nature of any such claim.

Sections 41-48 of the Criminal Procedure Act set out the ongoing disclosure requirements on the prosecution. The informant, usually a police officer, also has a general and ongoing duty of disclosure to the Director of Public Prosecutions where that office is conducting the prosecution. The informant must provide to the DPP any information, document or thing that is in the possession of, or known by, the informant that is relevant to the alleged offence, subject to any claims for statutory privilege or public interest immunity: s 415A Criminal Procedure Act 2009.

Disclosure certificates apply also to matters in the indictable stream that proceed by way of a hand-up brief.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Criminal – Magistrates’ Court (VIC) publication has been updated accordingly.

See the By Lawyers  101 Subpoena Answers publication for information about public interest immunity, statutory immunity, and other statutory restrictions.

Meetings and documents – FED

by

COVID-related changes which affected the way companies deal with meetings and documents have been made permanent.

Companies and registered management investment schemes are now permanently able to use technology to hold meetings and execute documents under the Corporations Act 2001.

The Corporations Amendment (Meeting and Documents) Act 2022 makes permanent the previous COVID-related changes in the Treasury Laws Amendment (2021 Measures No. 1) Act 2021.

Meetings

A company can choose to hold a meeting:

  • in one or more physical locations;
  • as a hybrid at one or more physical locations and using technology;
  • virtually, if expressly permitted by the company’s constitution.

Members are to be provided with a reasonable opportunity to participate in meetings s 249S. Appropriate notice and provision of sufficient technology for members to participate and vote is required.

Documents

At least once each financial year members may elect to receive documents either electronically or in paper form. A member can request not to be sent any document prescribed in the regulations. The company is required to make notices available on a website and take reasonable steps to provide the member with any requested documents.

The following documents may be provided by the company in electronic or physical form:

  • notices of meetings;
  • resolutions;
  • matters to be considered at a meeting; and
  • minute books.

Execution

Corporate documents can be signed and executed electronically, with company signatories no longer required to sign the document in the presence of a witness physically.

A copy or counterpart of the document can be signed instead of the original therefore split execution is permitted.

Where there is a sole director, but no company secretary, a document is validly executed if:

  • the sole director signs the document; or
  • the sole director witnesses the fixing of the seal.

Where the new rules are followed people dealing with companies are entitled to assume that a document is validly executed.

The permanent changes apply to documents sent and meetings held on or after 1 April 2022.

The By Lawyers Companies guide has been updated to reflect these changes in the way companies may deal with meetings and documents.

Retirement village meetings – NSW

by

New arrangements for retirement village meetings and voting procedures have been legislated as part of the ongoing process of COVID-19 provisions being made permanent in various areas of law.

The Retirement Villages Act 1999 has been amended to allow operators to hold meetings of residents and annual management meetings using electronic means.

The amendments also expand the existing voting procedures under the Act to allow for ballot voting by residents to be conducted by electronic means in addition to voting in person.

For all retirement village meetings and voting ballots the operator or the convener of the meeting is required to take reasonable steps to ensure each and every resident is able to participate and vote at the meeting using electronic means.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Retirement Villages (NSW) publication has been updated accordingly. It summarises the meeting and voting procedures and contains links to the new legislative provisions.

The By Lawyers Retirement Villages guide is part of the NSW Conveyancing publication. The matter plan contains many helpful precedents, including the standard retirement village contract, general inquiry document, disclosure statement, lease agreement, and the Model Rules. The full commentary assists practitioners to understand, and to advise their clients about, the standard contract, the mandatory documents, and the legislative requirements.

Statutory legacy – WA

by

The statutory legacy for intestacy in Western Australia has increased significantly.

Intestacy occurs when a will does not distribute a deceased estate effectively. The statutory legacy is the amount the deceased’s surviving relatives are entitled to on intestacy under the Administration Act 1903. However, since it was last amended in 1982, Western Australia had the lowest statutory legacy in Australia with the deceased’s surviving partner entitled to:

  • the deceased’s household chattels;
  • the first $50,000 of the intestate estate; and
  • an additional one-third of the balance of the intestate estate.

Where the deceased had children, they were entitled to an equal share of the remaining two-thirds of the balance of the intestate estate.

Where the deceased left a surviving partner but no children, the partner was entitled to $75,000.

If real property was not transferred to the deceased’s partner via survivorship, the statutory legacy could be insufficient for their maintenance.  This often led to a negotiated financial arrangement with their children or proceedings under the Family Provision Act 1972.

From 29 March 2022, with the commencement of the Administration Amendment Bill 2021 (WA), the surviving partner is entitled to:

  • the deceased’s household chattels;
  • the first $435,000 of the intestate estate; and
  • an additional one-third of the balance of the intestate estate.

The deceased’s children are still entitled to an equal share of the remaining two-thirds of the balance of the intestate estate.

Where the deceased left a surviving partner but no children, the partner is now entitled to $705,000

Under the existing scheme, the parental statutory legacy where the deceased is survived by parents, siblings, and nieces and nephews but is not survived by a partner or children, was $6,000. It has been increased to $56,500.

A formula has been added to the Act requiring the amount of these statutory legacies be reviewed every two years.

The commentary in the By Lawyers WA Letters of administration publication has been updated accordingly.

Connect with us