ByLawyers News and Updates

Paid parental leave – FED

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Recent amendments to the Paid Parental Leave Act 2010 (Cth) make payments more accessible, flexible, and gender-neutral for Federal system employees.

Under the current scheme, either parent and other eligible carers can claim up to a total of 18 weeks of paid parental leave. This increases to 20 weeks from 1 July 2023. Payments can only be claimed in the first two years after the child’s birth or adoption. The scheme is funded by the Commonwealth, so a claim for payments is made to Centrelink, not the employer. The entitlement extends to employees who are full-time, part-time, casual, seasonal, contractors, or self-employed.

The amendments:

  • Enable families to decide which parent will claim first and how they will share the entitlement and are not limited to a small class of claimants. Allowing households to decide how best to care for a child.
  • Provide greater flexibility, with claimants allowed to take the available leave in multiple blocks of as little as a day at a time with no requirement to return to work to be eligible.
  • Impose a new $350,000 family income limit for eligibility, under which families can be assessed if an individual applicant does not meet the individual income test.
  • Expand the eligibility requirements to allow a father or partner to receive paid parental leave, regardless of whether the birth parent meets the income test or residency requirements, or is serving a newly arrived resident’s waiting period.

Payments are at the rate of the national minimum wage. Employers are not obliged to make superannuation contributions during the leave period. Paid parental leave does not count as paid leave for the purposes of the National Employment Standards (NES) and, therefore, does not count as service for the purposes of other entitlements.

The By Lawyers Employment Law publication has been updated accordingly.

Sale of business – QLD

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The new, fourth edition of the Real Estate Institute of Queensland sale of business contract was released on 9 February 2023.

The changes in the new edition incorporate electronic execution and businesses having a digital presence on social media.

The changes to the sale of business contract include:

  • Item J in the Schedule has a new section to insert the details of the business’s social media and electronic media accounts to be transferred at settlement;
  • A new optional special condition annexure requiring the seller to allow an adjustment to the buyer for any prepaid coupons or gift cards that have not expired at settlement. The buyer must accept any prepaid coupons or gift cards that were issued before completion, provided they have not expired.
  • A new optional due diligence special condition annexure, allowing the buyer to terminate the contract if not satisfied with due diligence investigations by a specified date. The seller is obliged to provide access to and copies of any information reasonably required by the buyer.
  • The restraint of trade clause has been bolstered to protect the goodwill the buyer is paying for. The new restraint clause expands what a seller is prohibited from doing during the restraint period and within the restraint area. The prohibited actions now include having an interest in or being concerned with a competing business, dealing with a customer of the business being sold, interfering or disrupting the relationship between the business and its customers or prospective customers, and soliciting any person who was an employee, contractor, or agent of the business.
  • Clause 18 has been amended to require the buyer to notify the seller of the employees it intends to employ five business days before settlement. The buyer must offer employment to those employees at least two business days before settlement. This leaves the seller responsible for employees who do not receive an offer of employment from the buyer, or do not accept its offer of employment within one business day before settlement.
  • A new sub-clause has been inserted through which the buyer indemnifies the seller against any claims under the lease until the date of the lessor’s consent, should they elect to settle before obtaining the lessor’s approval to an assignment of lease.
  • A buyer may terminate the contract if any disclosure required under the Retail Shop Leases Act has not been given.
  • Clause 32 is a new warranty that the buyer has conducted its own searches and satisfied itself of the type of business and the permissible use.
  • Clause 40 now contains an electronic counterparts clause, allowing the contract to be signed electronically under the Electronic Transactions (Queensland) Act.

The By Lawyers Purchase of Business and Franchise (QLD) and Sale of Business and Franchise (QLD) guides have been updated accordingly.

Sale of land – QLD

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The Real Estate Institute of Queensland and Queensland Law Society have released updated versions of their standard contracts for the sale of land.

The updated sale of land contracts are:

  • Contract for Houses and Residential Land (18th edition),
  • Contract for Residential Lots in a Community Titles Scheme (14th edition),
  • Contract for Commercial Land and Buildings (10th edition), and
  • Contract for Commercial Lots in a Community Titles Scheme (9th edition).

The sale of land contracts are now fully aligned with the Queensland electronic conveyancing mandate which came into effect on 20 February 2023 under the Land Title Regulation 2022. It requires all property transactions in Queensland to be conducted electronically.

To comply with the new mandate, the updated contracts feature significant changes to clause 11, the electronic settlements clause. This is now more detailed and comprehensive, ensuring all parties involved in a property transaction are aware of their obligations when it comes to electronic settlements.

Specifically:

  • The requirement for electronic settlements is compulsory under the Land Title Regulation 2022, which defines transfers as a necessary instrument, with exemptions. The first exemption is for transfers dated before 20 February 2023, but does not extend to the contract itself. The second exemption applies where one of the parties involved in the required instrument is neither a subscriber to an Electronic Lodgment Network nor represented by a legal practitioner.
  • Clause 11 outlines the process for nominating an Electronic Lodgment Network system by the seller.
  • The option for parties to switch from electronic settlement to a manual paper settlement has been removed, and unless an exemption applies the parties are obliged to settle electronically.
  • The definition of Qualifying Conveyancing Transaction that was included in previous versions of the contract has been omitted.
  • Clause 10.4(9) in the Contract for Houses and Residential Land (18th edition) has been added to clarify that a message sent using an Electronic Lodgment Network in an electronic conveyancing environment does not constitute a notice for the purposes of the contract. The sole exception being the nomination of an Electronic Lodgment Network by accepting or issuing an invitation through an Electronic Lodgment Network system: clause 11.2(2) in the Contract for Houses and Residential Land (18th edition).
  • Certain definitions relating to electronic settlement have been relocated from clause 11 to the definitions clause, being clause 1.

The By Lawyers publications Purchase of Real Property (QLD), Sale of Real Property (QLD), and 1001 Conveyancing Answers (QLD) have been updated accordingly.

Sexual harassment – FED

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From 6 March 2023 sexual harassment in connection with work is prohibited by the Fair Work Act 2009. Aggrieved persons have rights to apply to the Fair Work Commission and, with some limitations, the Federal Courts.

Part 3-5A of the Fair Work Act 2009 prohibits sexual harassment of workers, persons seeking to become workers, and persons conducting businesses or undertakings, and provides for the granting of remedies when that happens.

An employer may be vicariously liable for sexual harassment of their employee or agent unless the employer can show that they took all reasonable steps to prevent it.

An aggrieved person who alleges they have been sexually harassed in connection with work, or an industrial association entitled to represent the industrial interests of an aggrieved person, may apply to either:

  1. the Fair Work Commission under s 527J of the Act to either make a Stop Sexual Harassment Order (SSHO) , or to otherwise deal with the dispute, or both;
  2. a Federal Court for orders for contravention of civil remedy provisions, under Division 2 of Part 4-1.

However, a court application can only be made if the parties have first attempted to resolve the matter through the Fair Work Commission, and the Commission has issued a certificate to that effect, unless the application seeks an interim injunction.

These provisions of the Act are in addition to, and do not exclude or limit, any rights a person may have under any state or territory law in connection with sexual harassment.

If the application is not solely for a SSHO, the Commission must deal with the dispute according to its powers under s 595 (2), other than by arbitration – namely via mediation or conciliation, or making a recommendation or expressing an opinion.

Stop Sexual Harassment Order

Where an application seeks a SSHO, if the Commission is satisfied that the aggrieved person has been sexually harassed and there is a risk of the harassment continuing, the Commission may make any orders it considers appropriate to prevent the harassment, except for a pecuniary order: s 527J(i).

In considering the terms of its orders, the Commission must take into account the outcomes of any investigation into the matter, any other procedures available to the aggrieved person and the outcomes if any, and anything else the Commission considers relevant.

Time limits

Any application to the Fair Work Commission under Part 3-5A of the Fair Work Act 2009 may be dismissed if it is made more than 24 months after the alleged contravention, or after the last of a series of contraventions is alleged to have occurred: s 527G of the Act, or such longer time as the Commission allows upon application.

A sexual harassment court application must be brought within 60 days of the s 527R(3)(a) certificate being issued by the Fair Work Commission, or such longer time as the court may allow upon application.

These amendments are under the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Secure Jobs, Better Pay) Act 2022. The By Lawyers Employment Law guide has been updated accordingly.

Electronic lodgment – QLD

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Mandatory electronic lodgment applies for conveyancing in Queensland from 20 February 2023.

Section 4 of the Land Title Regulation 2022 requires legal practitioners and licensed conveyancers to draft and lodge the following required instruments via an Electronic Lodgment Network (ELN):

  • transfer;
  • mortgage;
  • release of mortgage;
  • caveat;
  • request to withdraw a caveat;
  • priority notice;
  • request to extend a priority notice;
  • request to withdraw a priority notice; and
  • application to be registered as a personal representative for a deceased owner.

There are some exceptions to the electronic lodgment of these required instruments, including where:

  • the ELN does not have the functionality to draft and lodge the instrument;
  • a required instrument, such as a transfer or mortgage, for example, was executed in a hard copy form before 20 February 2023: s 6;
  • the required instrument needs to be lodged with another instrument that cannot be lodged using an ELN; or
  • a party to the instrument is a self-represented natural person who is not subscribed to an ELN.

Section 5(2) of the Land Title Regulation 2022 provides the full list of exemptions to electronic lodgment.

Electronic conveyancing is already the preferred method for the lodgment of title instruments by lawyers and licensed conveyancers, having been introduced in Queensland in 2013. The two Electronic Lodgment Network Operators (ELNOs), Property Exchange Australia Limited (PEXA), and Sympli Australia Pty Ltd (Sympli).

The By Lawyers Queensland Conveyancing publications have been updated to reflect this change. For more information see:

  • E-Conveyancing – Required instruments in the Purchase of Real Estate (QLD), Sale of Real Estate (QLD), and Mortgage (QLD) guides;
  • A brief explanation of the transition to E-conveyancing,  on the matter plan in all By Lawyers Conveyancing Guides, which includes information on how to get connected and the full timeline for implementation.

Family and domestic violence leave – FED

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Family and domestic violence leave entitlements change for many employees from 1 February 2023, with paid leave replacing the previous entitlement to unpaid leave.

Full-time, part-time, and casual employees of non-small business employers, being those with 15 or more employees on 1 February 2023, are entitled to 10 days of paid family and domestic violence leave in every 12-month period of employment. It is not calculated on a pro-rata basis for casual employees and is all available up-front, which means a new employee has an immediate entitlement to the full ten days. The leave does not accumulate if not taken.

The same entitlement will apply to employees of small business employers, being those with less than 15 employees on 1 February 2023, from 1 August 2023. Until then, employees of small businesses remain eligible for the existing entitlement of 5 days of unpaid family and domestic violence leave.

The leave can be taken for any purpose relating to the impact of family and domestic violence, which might include relocating, attending court, or attending medical, legal, counselling, and financial advice appointments.

Employers cannot include information in an employee’s pay slip identifying they type of leave paid.

Family and domestic violence is defined as violent, threatening, or other abusive behaviour by an employee’s close relative, current or former intimate partner, or a member of their household that both seeks to coerce or control them and causes them harm or fear.

The leave can be taken during a period of personal or carer’s leave, or annual leave.

The notice and evidence requirements of s 107 of the Fair Work Act 2009 apply, including the requirement for the employer to maintain confidentiality: s 106C.

See the Fair Work Ombudsman website for more information.

The By Lawyers Employment Law commentary has been updated accordingly. Further updates will be applied when the entitlement extends to all employees in August.

Commercial List – QLD

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Supreme Court Practice Direction 1 of 2023 introduces new procedures for the Court’s Commercial List from 30 January 2023.

The Court has also issued supporting Notes that provide guidance about some practical aspects of the Commercial List, including parties, practitioners, directions, expert evidence, electronic filing and document management.

The key point of the new arrangements is that cases will be managed by a specific judge from start to finish. This includes interlocutory applications. Where the allocated judge is not available another Commercial List judge will step in.

The Practice Direction applies to existing and future commercial matters commenced in, or transferred to, the Brisbane registry. Commercial matter filed in another region will be subject to case management as appropriate in that region.

Matters can be put on the list by a party, or assigned by the court. The criteria is that the real issues involved in the matter are of a general commercial character, or arise out of trade and commerce, including e-commerce. The Practice Direction provides a non-exhaustive list of such issues:

  • the construction of a business contract, smart contract or other commercial
    instrument;
  •  insurance and reinsurance;
  • banking and financial services, including dealings in cryptocurrency;
  • the provision and enforcement of securities of any kind;
  • the conduct of business and commercial agents;
  • rights in, to, or concerning technology, including blockchain technology;
  • intellectual property;
  • partnership and joint venture relationships;
  • the export or import of goods or services;
  • the provision of goods or services by land, sea, air, cable, pipeline or through use
    of the internet for commercial purposes;
  • arbitral proceedings under the Commercial Arbitration Act 2013 (Qld);
  • the exploitation of natural resources;
  • conduct in and/or the operation of financial markets and exchanges;
  • data ownership, storage and security;
  • an appeal or judicial review relating to a tax, levy or royalty; and
  • directors’ duties, shareholder rights, capital raising, takeovers, compulsory
    acquisitions, buy-outs and windings up under part 5.4A of the Corporations Act
    2001 (Cth).

The By Lawyers Supreme Court (QLD) publications have been updated accordingly.

1 January updates – All states

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1 January updates are always a big focus for By Lawyers. While the profession takes a well-earned break By Lawyers remains hard at work ensuring our publications are updated for legislative and regulatory changes that take effect from the new year.

This year’s 1 January updates for relevant jurisdictions include:

Land tax

In New South Wales and Victoria, land tax is calculated for the calendar year. Threshold values increase annually.

In New South Wales, the 2022 threshold combined land value has increased to $969,000 for all liable land. Special trusts and non-concessional companies are excepted. A marginal tax rate of 1.6% of the aggregate taxable value above the tax-free threshold, plus $100 applies from 1 January. If the aggregate taxable value exceeds the premium rate threshold of $5,925,000 then $79,396 is payable, plus a marginal tax rate of 2% over that amount.

In Victoria, the tax-free threshold for general land tax remains at $300,000. The trust surcharge threshold remains at $25,000.

All relevant commentary and precedents in the By Lawyers Conveyancing and Property and Trusts guides for each relevant state will be updated for these new threshold amounts from 1 January.

By Lawyers Contract of sale of land

The 2023 edition of the By Lawyers contract will be available 1 January in the Sale of real property publications for Victoria and New South Wales. The contract is located in the Contract folder on the matter plan.

Leases and subleases

In New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia the 2023 editions of our lease and sub-lease precedents are available from 1 January. These are found in the Leases – Act for Lessor section of each Leases publication.

Keeping up to date

In addition to our 1 January updates, By Lawyers updates our publications for 1 June and other regulated adjustments when necessary.

Of course, we also update our content for relevant legislative amendments and other legal developments throughout the year, in all jurisdictions, as required.

Keeping up to date is one of the ways By Lawyers help our subscribers enjoy practice – and holidays – more!

The team at By Lawyers wishes everyone a prosperous and safe 2023.

Family law rules – FED

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Changes to the family law rules from 28 November include the abolition of the need to file a parenting or financial questionnaire with an initiating application. Parties now only file a questionnaire if they have not filed an affidavit with their application or response.

Other amendments to the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 include:

  • Rule 1.09: Changing the form for seeking rescission of a divorce order from an Application for Review to an Application in a Proceeding;
  • Rule 2.01: Requiring that an application must concisely state the orders sought;
  • Part 2.6: Making the rules on service of documents in Australia apply to service generally;
  • Part 5.6: Inserting new rules 5.28 and 5.29 requiring that the Annexure to Proposed Consent Parenting Orders be attached to an application for interim parenting orders proposed to be made in chambers, as was already required for final orders;
  • Rule 5.28 and rule 10.04: Allowing draft consent orders to be signed by a party’s legal representative;
  • Rule 6.06 and rule 8.09: Removing the requirement to file parenting or financial questionnaires with an initiating application if the party has filed an affidavit;
  • Rule 7.35: Providing for the court to accept the opinion of a court-appointed assessor unless there are exceptional circumstances; and
  • Rule 14.07: Allowing the court to consider an Application for Review in chambers if the parties consent, and requiring parties to seek leave for any further evidence to be filed in support of an Application for Review.

Amendments to the costs schedule in the rules commence on 1 January 2023.

Amendments have also been made to the delegations table in Schedule 4 to the Rules, with effect from 28 November 2022.

The amended delegations increase the powers of Senior Judicial Registrars and Judicial Registrars in dealing with aspects of case management, including allowing the registrars to:

  • deal with an application for an interlocutory consent order under the new part 5.6 of the Rules;
  • apply on a limited basis the court’s power under s 69ZR of the Family Law Act 1975 to make a finding of fact, determine a matter, or make an order in relation to an issue arising, at any time before final orders are made in child-related proceedings;
  • order a party to undergo drug or alcohol screening or testing;
  • make spousal or de facto maintenance orders on a limited basis;
  • make an order for child maintenance – Senior Judicial Registrars only;
  • make an injunction under s 114 against a third party – Senior Judicial Registrars only;
  • make orders in relation to costs, costs estimates, and assessment of costs under s 117;
  • grant leave to institute proceedings out of time – Senior Judicial Registrars only;
  • grant leave for joinder of a party to a proceeding after the first court date;
  • issue a subpoena, order the production and inspection of documents, and hear subpoena objections;
  • summarily dismiss an application that has no reasonable prospects of success;
  • make summary orders in response to a claim by a party that an application or response is frivolous, vexatious, or an abuse of process, or that an application has no reasonable likelihood of success;
  • make certain case management orders or directions under r 10.11;
  • make orders varying or setting aside orders under the slip rule if the original orders were made by a Senior Judicial Registrar or Judicial Registrar;
  • make declarations regarding the costs of a child, and amend administrative assessments that are more than 18 months old under the Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989; and
  • grant a stay under s 111C of the Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988.

Lighthouse project expands – FED

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From 28 November the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia’s Lighthouse Project expands to include all major registries. This follows additional funding provided in the recent federal budget.

The Lighthouse Project is a family-violence and risk-screening initiative for parenting and parenting/financial matters. The legislative framework was provided by the Family Law Amendment (Risk Screening Protections) Act 2020.

The project was initially available in the Adelaide, Brisbane, and Parramatta registries. It now expands to include Cairns, Canberra, Dandenong, Darwin, Hobart, Launceston, Melbourne, Newcastle, Rockhampton, Sydney, Townsville, and Wollongong registries.

The Lighthouse Project’s key points are:

  • early risk screening through a secure online platform;
  • early identification and management of safety concerns; and
  • assessment and triage of cases by a specialised team, who will provide resources and safe and suitable case management.

All cases identified as high-risk following the screening process are referred to a dedicated list in the court, known as the Evatt List. This is a judge-managed list that focuses on early information gathering and intervention through a dedicated support team in appropriate cases.

When commencing or responding to proceedings in the applicable registries, parties will be asked to provide an email and mobile number to enable risk screening. Parties will then receive an email with a secure link and login details to complete the risk screening process.

See the FCFCOA’s Lighthouse expansion – General fact sheet for more information.

The By Lawyers Family Law Children guide has information on The Lighthouse Project under Pre-action procedures in the commentary.

Practitioners are also reminded of the related information on family violence and cross-examination of parties in the Going to court folders, and the separate By Lawyers guides covering apprehended violence, intervention, and restraining orders for family and personal violence under various state laws.

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