ByLawyers News and Updates

Access to criminal case information – WA

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There is now a greater public right of access to criminal case information in the WA Magistrates Court. Practitioners acting for accused persons in the WA Magistrates Court should be aware – and, where appropriate, advise their clients – that an amendment to the Magistrates Court (General) Rules 2005 (new rule 40) now allows any person to request from the court the following information relating to a particular case:

  1. the charge;
  2. any conviction or order made in respect of the charge; and
  3. any penalty imposed on the accused in relation to the charge.

However, this rule is expressly subject to the non-publication provisions of s 171 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2004. In appropriate circumstances, consideration should be given to seeking a non-publication order under s 171(4) to avoid the effect of this rule.

Also, this rule does not allow anyone to generally access the accused’s criminal history other than the outcome of the specific case.

The commentary in the By Lawyers Criminal Magistrates Court (WA) guide has been updated accordingly.

Apprehended violence orders amendments- NSW

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On 1 December 2018 a number of provisions strengthening apprehended violence orders in NSW commenced:

  1. a new ‘without consent’ version of the s 37 Crimes Act 1900 offence of choking, suffocation and strangulation, created specifically for the domestic violence context by the Crimes Legislation Amendment Act 2018;
  2. provisions in the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Amendment Act 2018 making it clear that stalking and intimidation can be by internet or other such electronic means;
  3. new Crimes Legislation Amendment (Victims) Act 2018 provisions providing that proceedings for apprehended violence orders will be held in a closed court if they involve any person under the age of 18 years, with such persons entitled to have a support person present.

The By Lawyers Apprehended Violence Orders (NSW) guide has been updated accordingly.

Further, commencing 17 December, certain provisions of the Justice Legislation Amendment Act (No 3) 2018 mean that an apprehended domestic violence order can be made against a paid carer for the protection of a dependant, but not against a dependant for the protection of the paid carer.

There are also amendments pending proclamation in the Crimes Legislation Amendment Act 2018 which change the default duration of apprehended domestic violence orders.

The By Lawyers Apprehended Violence Orders (NSW) guide will be updated when these further amending provisions commence.

Circumstances of aggravation – Traffic offences – WA

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Amendments to s 49AB of the Road Traffic Act 1974 (WA) have commenced, providing for new circumstances of aggravation which have the effect of doubling the maximum penalty for the offence of dangerous driving causing death from 10 years to 20 years imprisonment.

The new circumstances of aggravation now in s 49AB(1) of the Act include:

  • Excessive speed
    Circumstances of aggravation include driving more than 30 kph over the applicable speed limit. Previously, the section provided for 45 kph over, but the threshold has been lowered by the amendments.
  • No authority to drive
    Circumstances of aggravation include the driver having ‘no authority to drive’. This includes the driver having never held a licence, having an expired licence, having been refused a licence, or being at the time of the offence disqualified from holding or obtaining a licence. The provision extends to any Australian licence, not just WA.
  • Failure to comply with conditions of an extraordinary licence
    Circumstances of aggravation include where the driver holds an extraordinary licence but at the time of the offence is driving in contravention of the requirements or conditions of the extraordinary licence, for example, where the driver is authorised to drive a car but at the time of the offence is riding a motorcycle.
  • Failure to comply with alcohol interlock scheme
    Circumstances of aggravation include the driver being required to drive a vehicle fitted with an alcohol interlock device but at the time of the offence driving a vehicle without such a device, not having the required authorisation to drive, or driving in breach of the alcohol interlock condition of an authorisation to drive.

The By Lawyers Traffic Offences – Magistrates Court (WA) guide has been updated accordingly.

Criminal procedure NSW

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Mandatory pre-trial disclosure has been introduced into Division 3 of Part 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986, which now requires mandatory pre-trial disclosure for both the prosecution and the accused. The provisions are set out at ss 142 – 144 of the Act.

These provisions only apply after an indictment has been presented or filed in proceedings: s 141. As this only occurs after the matter is transferred from the Local Court to the District or
Supreme courts, mandatory pre-trial disclosure does not apply to summary matters, or to indictable matters which proceed summarily – that is, matters that remain in the Local Court.

If the matter is committed to a higher court on the basis of a plea of not guilty, the mandatory pre-trial disclosure provisions will need to be considered and complied with. The accused’s obligation is to provide:

(a)  the name of any Australian legal practitioner proposed to appear on behalf of the accused person at the trial,

(b)  the nature of the accused person’s defence, including particular defences to be relied on,

(c)  the facts, matters or circumstances on which the prosecution intends to rely to prove guilt (as indicated in the prosecution’s notice under section 142) and with which the accused person intends to take issue,

(d)  points of law which the accused person intends to raise,

(e)  notice of any consent that the accused person proposes to give at the trial under section 190 of the Evidence Act 1995 in relation to each of the following:

(i)  a statement of a witness that the prosecutor proposes to adduce at the trial,

(ii)  a summary of evidence that the prosecutor proposes to adduce at the trial,

(f)  a statement as to whether or not the accused person intends to give any notice under section 150 (Notice of alibi) or, if the accused person has already given such a notice, a statement that the notice has been given,

(g)  a statement as to whether or not the accused person intends to give any notice under section 151 (Notice of intention to adduce evidence of substantial mental impairment),

(h)  if any expert witness is proposed to be called at the trial by the accused person, a copy of each report by that witness that is relevant to the case and on which the accused person intends to rely,

(i)  notice as to whether the accused person proposes to raise any issue with respect to the continuity of custody of any proposed exhibit disclosed by the prosecutor,

(j)  notice of any significant issue that the accused person proposes to raise regarding the form of the indictment, severability of the charges or separate trials for the charges,

(k)  if the prosecutor disclosed an intention to adduce at the trial any audio or visual recording or the transcript of any audio or visual recording:

(i)  any request that the accused person has that the recording or transcript be edited (other than in circumstances to which subsection (2) (d) relates), and

(ii)  particulars sufficient to clearly identify the edits that the accused person requests.

As pre-trial disclosure relates only to trial matters in the superior courts, it is substantively outside of the scope of the By Lawyers Criminal Local Court guide. However because the provisions may be relevant to the overall strategic approach for a successful defence of indictable charges, a note has been added to the commentary alerting practitioners to these requirements.

Criminal procedure amendments – VIC

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Various criminal procedure amendments introduced by the Justice Legislation Miscellaneous Amendment Act 2018 are now in effect, including:

Protection of certain witnesses from cross examination in committal hearings.

A committal hearing is not to be held in committal proceedings to which s 123 Criminal Procedure Act 2009 applies, namely cases involving a witness who:

(a) is a complainant in a proceeding that relates (wholly or partly) to a charge for a sexual offence; and

(b) was a child or a person with a cognitive impairment when the criminal proceeding was commenced; and

(c) made a statement a copy of which was served in the hand-up brief or whose evidence-in-chief or examination at a compulsory examination hearing was recorded and a transcript of the recording was served in the hand-up brief.

Such witnesses cannot be required for cross examination.

The By Lawyers Victorian Magistrates Court – Criminal guide has been updated accordingly.

Increased penalties for offences of violence against certain workers

Offences of violence alleged to have been committed against an emergency worker on duty, a custodial officer on duty or a youth justice custodial worker on duty, within the meaning of section 10AA of the Sentencing Act 1991, are now excluded from the list in Schedule 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act of indictable offences which can be tried summarily and custodial sentences for such offences are mandatory.

 

Magistrates’ Court Criminal Guide updated – VIC

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Our Victorian Magistrates’ Court Criminal guide has been updated, to make sure our Victorian subscribers who conduct criminal and traffic matters, or appear for applicants or respondents in Intervention Orders, in the Magistrates’ Court are right up to date with the law and practice.

The extensive review by our author, barrister Simone Tatas, includes recent amendments to both bail laws and sentencing for traffic offences. As with all our authors, Simone takes a practical approach, drawing on her experience as both a prosecutor and defence lawyer, to cover all aspects of procedure and focus on practical tips that will help practitioners confidently represent their clients and successfully run their matters in the Magistrates’ Court.

The commentaries have been updated in all of the guides in our publication – Criminal matters, Traffic matters and Intervention Orders. Highlights include:

  • bail amendments and the new ‘exceptional circumstances’ test;
  • programs the client needs to have completed before applying for re-licencing after a disqualification – taking into account whether the offence was committed before or after 1 April 2018;
  • steps to take prior to the commencement of a plea if imprisonment is a real possibility;
  • Community Corrections Orders as a sentencing option;
  • the application of the Behaviour Change program;
  • what to do when a client is in custody and an appeal needs to be listed;
  • the National Domestic Violence recognition Scheme;
  • The effect of ‘no electronic publication’ conditions in Intervention Orders.

Precedents include specific Retainer Instructions for Bail applications, Pleas and Mitigation, as well as for Criminal matters generally, Traffic matters and Intervention Orders. These have all been reviewed to ensure they reflect current law and practice.

We invite you to explore the matter plans in these guides and consider the wealth of assistance this publication offers for lawyers who appear in the Magistrates’ Court criminal jurisdiction.

Sentencing amendments – Criminal law – NSW

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Important sentencing amendments commenced in NSW courts on 24 September 2018, under the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Amendment (Sentencing Options) Act 2017 which amends the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999.

The cumulative effect of the amendments is a significant overhaul of sentencing options in all courts, the likes of which has not occurred since the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 was introduced. The stated intent of the sentencing amendments is to reduce the number of offenders in custody by replacing largely unsupervised sentencing options with highly supervised ones, thereby having fewer people in gaol for breaches of bonds/orders. Whether the legislation achieves its aims remains to be seen, but practitioners need to be on top of the changes from today.

The amendments include:

Intensive Correction Orders (already existing) – substantially augmented and strengthened.

  • Available for all offenders sentenced to any custodial penalty up to 2 years (except for certain serious offences).
  • Mandatory supervision for all Intensive Correction Orders and can include conditions such as home detention.
  • Home Detention abolished as a stand-alone penalty.
  • Suspended sentence (s 12 bond) abolished.
  • Pre-sentence report (now called an Assessment report) mandatory.

Community Correction Orders introduced – replaces bonds under s 9

  • Good Behaviour Bonds (s 9) abolished.
  • Mandatory supervision for all Community Correction Orders and can include conditions such as community work.
  • Community Service Orders abolished.
  • Pre-sentence report (now called an Assessment report) not mandatory.

Community Release Orders introduced – replaces bonds under s 10(1)(b)

  • Bonds under s 10(1)(b) (without conviction) abolished.
  • Community Release Orders can be without conviction at the court’s discretion.
  • Conditions available for Intensive Correction Orders and Community Correction Orders are not available for Community Release Orders.
  • Pre-sentence report (now called an Assessment report) not mandatory.
  • Presumption that domestic violence offenders will receive only custody, or a supervised order, not Community Release Orders.

The By Lawyers Criminal (NSW) Guide has been updated to deal with these amendments in an easily understandable way.

Victim Reviews – Magistrates Court Criminal – WA

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The commentary in the By Lawyers WA Magistrates Court – Criminal Guide has been amended to ensure that practitioners acting for clients who are charged with sexual and violent offences are aware of the Director of Public Prosecutions’ new Policy and Guidelines for Victims of Crime 2018. These provide for Victim Reviews – a formal process for a victim of crime to complain and seek a review about any decision by the DPP which ‘significantly alters the prosecution case in relation to which they are the victim’.

That would, for example, include an agreement by the prosecution to withdraw a charge and/or proceed with a lesser charge.

There is a corresponding requirement under the policy for State Prosecutors to seek an adjournment of the matter for 7 days, where necessary and practicable, for such a review to be conducted – if a review is requested. Victims can waive their right to a review. In some instances, where a trial is pending for example, an adjournment for 7 days will not be possible and prosecutors are expected to use their discretion when seeking adjournments.

Whether any adjournment is granted will always be matter for the Court, in the context of the particular matter, but it is likely that such adjournments will usually be granted by the Court if reasonably possible.

It is, of course, preferable that discussions about plea resolutions between defence lawyers and prosecutors occur with sufficient time for the adjournment not to be necessary, but there will always be some instances where an agreement is reached at, or within 7 days of, an interlocutory appearance – such as the Disclosure Committal – resulting in the need for an adjournment.

Where victim reviews are required, clients will need to be warned that any plea ‘deal’ is not guaranteed until the review is conducted and the matter returns to court after the adjournment.

New publication – Traffic Offences – Magistrates Court WA

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We are very pleased to announce the release of another comprehensive step-by-step guide for Western Australian practitioners, being Traffic Offences WA.

This publication covers all aspects of practice and procedure when acting for the defendant in proceedings involving traffic offences in the Magistrates Court.

The guide assists practitioners with all aspects of representing clients in traffic matters, from providing advice in relation to infringement notices, to going to court.  The commentary is practical and easy to understand, with numerous helpful precedents and all current Magistrates Court forms included.

Key content includes:

  • Law and procedure relating to licence offences and alcohol & drug offences with an appendix for each category summarising the fine and any disqualification period or gaol term for most common offences. Retainer instructions are included on the matter plan.
  • Extensive library of initial letters to client for all BAC and drug driving offences explaining in simple terms the offence, the fine amount and any likely disqualification period or gaol term.
  • Practical guidance in preparing for court, with detailed commentary on analysing the charge and conducting plea negotiations. An instruction sheet for guilty pleas is also included on the matter plan.
  • Rehabilitation and specific program options are discussed, including the alcohol interlock scheme.
  • Client mental health considerations, with a letter of instruction to a psychiatrist or psychologist.
  • Example written submissions on sentence.
  • Information on appeal rights and time limits.

This guide is an invaluable resource for all practitioners who conduct traffic offence matters in the Magistrates Court, including those with limited experience in this area, or those supervising younger lawyers.

NSW Traffic – Local Court – sentencing options

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The commentary in the By Lawyers Guide to Traffic Offences – Local Court (NSW) now has a more detailed treatment of the sentencing options which are available to Magistrates when dealing with traffic offences.

Included is a summary of the upcoming sentencing amendments, which are expected to commence in September 2018. This is important information for practitioners to consider when advising clients who may currently be facing court, as bonds which are entered into under the current provisions will convert to be orders under the new provisions  – and any breaches will be dealt with under the new provisions.

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