ByLawyers News and Updates

Coercive control – NSW

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From 1 July 2024 the new offence of coercive control under s 54D(1) of the Crimes Act 1900 is included in the definition of personal violence offence under s 11 of the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007, and can therefore be the grounds for a court making an apprehended domestic violence order.

The offence is found in the new Division 6A in Part 3 of the Crimes Act 1900, inserted by the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Coercive Control) Act 2022.

Section 54D(1) creates an offence of abusive behaviour towards a person who is the offender’s current or former intimate partner. It is punishable by a maximum penalty of seven years imprisonment.

The offence requires a course of conduct consisting of abusive behaviour, and the offender must intend that the course of conduct coerce or control the victim.

An intimate partner is someone to whom the offender is or has been married or in a de facto relationship, or with whom they have or have had an intimate personal relationship.

A course of conduct is defined as behaviour that is either repeated, or continuous, or both. There is no minimum number of incidents, they need not be in an unbroken series, nor in immediate succession. Incidents both in and outside of NSW can be included.

Section 54F(2) provides a non-exhaustive list of what can constitute abusive behaviour, including:

  • causing harm to a child if a person fails to comply with demands made of them;
  • causing harm to the person against whom the behaviour is directed, or another adult, if the person fails to comply with demands made of them,
  • economic or financial abuse;
  • shaming, degrading, or humiliating a person;
  • harassing, monitoring, or tracking a person;
  • damaging or destroying property;
  • isolating a person or preventing them from keeping connections with their family, friends, or culture.

The amending Act also inserted a new s 6A into the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 to provide a definition of domestic abuse, being:

…violent or threatening behaviour, behaviour that coerces or controls, or behaviour that causes a person to fear for their or others’ safety and wellbeing.

The new s 6A includes a non-exhaustive list of behaviours that can constitute domestic abuse. This largely mirrors the list in s 54F of the Crimes Act, but includes behaviour that exposes a child to the effects of domestic abuse.

Behaviour may be domestic abuse, and therefore ground an apprehended domestic violence order, even if it doesn’t constitute a criminal offence.

The By Lawyers Apprehended Violence Order (NSW) guide has been updated accordingly.

Apprehended violence legislation – NSW

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Apprehended violence legislation in NSW has been further amended.

Amending legislation

Further provisions of the Stronger Communities Legislation Amendment (Domestic Violence) Act 2020 commenced on 27 March 2021.

Duration of ADVOs

Where a defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment which is to be served in a correctional centre, the apprehended violence legislation now requires the court to specify that any related apprehended violence order (ADVO) will be in force for a period of two years longer than the sentence imposed. That does not apply if the court otherwise orders, or if the offender is under 18 years of age.  The term of imprisonment refers to the full sentence imposed by the court, including non-parole and parole periods. The additional two years is calculated with reference to the total sentence imposed by the court at the time that the ADVO is made.

Harming animals

The apprehended violence legislation has also been amended in relation to harming, or threatening to harm, animals belonging to or in the possession of a protected person.

Conduct that causes a reasonable apprehension of harm to animals belonging to or in the possession of the protected person is now within the definition of ‘intimidation’.

A person who engages in that conduct is guilty of an offence that carries a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment or 50 penalty units or both.

The change to the definition of ‘intimidation’ means that harm to animals belonging to or in the possession of the protected person is now included in the mandatory prohibition in every AVO which prohibits damage or destroying property. This amendment was based on evidence that threatening, injuring or killing family pets is a tactic used to control and coerce partners or other family members in the context of domestic violence.

New standard order

There is a consequential amendment under the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Amendment (Standard Orders) Regulation 2021, which also commenced on 27 March 2021. This amends the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Regulation 2019 to include in the standard orders a prohibition on harming any animals owned by or in the possession of the person in need of protection under an order.

By Lawyers Apprehended violence orders (NSW) publication has been updated accordingly.

Domestic Violence Evidence In Chief – NSW

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A recorded video or audio statement of a domestic violence complainant, known as Domestic Violence Evidence in Chief, or DVEC, is admissible as evidence in chief in criminal proceedings for domestic violence offences and in concurrent or related proceedings for applications for apprehended domestic violence orders under the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007. This is pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 6, Part 4B of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986.

In the recent Supreme Court case of Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Banks [2019] NSWSC 363  the court determined that a DVEC may be admitted to evidence even where the complainant is not present at the hearing of the matter – although whether or not it actually will be admitted depends on the provisions of the Evidence Act, as for any other piece of evidence.

The  considerations under the Evidence Act of the complainant’s reliability and the prejudice to the defendant of not being able to cross-examine the complainant still have to be overcome. A defendant’s solicitor should still be prepared to argue strongly against the DVEC being admitted in those circumstances.

The commentaries in the By Lawyers Criminal and Apprehended Violence Orders publications have been amended accordingly.

Apprehended violence orders amendments- NSW

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On 1 December 2018 a number of provisions strengthening apprehended violence orders in NSW commenced:

  1. a new ‘without consent’ version of the s 37 Crimes Act 1900 offence of choking, suffocation and strangulation, created specifically for the domestic violence context by the Crimes Legislation Amendment Act 2018;
  2. provisions in the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Amendment Act 2018 making it clear that stalking and intimidation can be by internet or other such electronic means;
  3. new Crimes Legislation Amendment (Victims) Act 2018 provisions providing that proceedings for apprehended violence orders will be held in a closed court if they involve any person under the age of 18 years, with such persons entitled to have a support person present.

The By Lawyers Apprehended Violence Orders (NSW) guide has been updated accordingly.

Further, commencing 17 December, certain provisions of the Justice Legislation Amendment Act (No 3) 2018 mean that an apprehended domestic violence order can be made against a paid carer for the protection of a dependant, but not against a dependant for the protection of the paid carer.

There are also amendments pending proclamation in the Crimes Legislation Amendment Act 2018 which change the default duration of apprehended domestic violence orders.

The By Lawyers Apprehended Violence Orders (NSW) guide will be updated when these further amending provisions commence.

New podcast – Domestic Violence update

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An update on the national enforcement scheme and domestic violence leave

The last week of July marked White Ribbon Night, an important date for raising awareness of the issues faced by victims of domestic violence.

Join LEAP’s National Marketing Manager, Claire James and By Lawyers Senior Consultant and Editor Brad Watts for a discussion on domestic violence laws across Australia.

The podcast discusses the National Recognition Scheme for Domestic Violence Orders and the new entitlement to domestic violence leave under Modern Awards.

Recent updates to the By Lawyers Domestic Violence and Employment Law Guides are highlighted.

White Ribbon Australia is an organisation that promotes the prevention of violence against women in Australia by engaging men to make women’s safety a man’s issue too.

 

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